Abstract
Tin oxide has been employed for a long time in solid-state gas sensors and their general purpose usage in the ambient atmosphere is contrasted with that of some other metal oxides conventionally employed in the exhaust environment. Electron transfer mechanisms are thought to be predominant in the former, whilst the effect of oxygen vacancies is more often invoked as an explanation of behaviour in the latter. This difference has arisen largely as a result of the respective application temperatures. Some tin dioxide-based sensors are tested in an exhaust stream alongside two conventional oxides (niobia and titania), in order to determine their suitability for indicating air:fuel ratio (AFR) at the temperatures at which tin dioxide sensors are commonly operated.
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