The Beginnings of the Zheng He Voyages: Nanjing and the Indian Ocean World, 1405–1433

Abstract

Previous studies on the voyages of Zheng He during the 1405–33 period have largely focused on the aims and objectives of the journeys, the countries and regions visited and the impact and significance of the voyages for both China and other countries. So far there has been no detailed study on the role played by Nanjing in Zheng He’s journeys to the “Western Ocean” (Indian Ocean). This essay discusses a variety of services provided by Nanjing for the early Ming maritime expeditions, such as producing all of the Treasure Ships and many of the other types of major vessels employed in the voyages; providing a large number of personnel, food, and material needed for the year-long expeditions; preparing gifts to be presented to the rulers of foreign countries and goods to be traded with the locals; rendering spiritual comfort and support to the staff members of the fleet, and serving as a center for receiving and accommodating overseas emissaries. The essay argues that Nanjing, first as the primary capital (1368–1420) and later as the secondary capital (1420–1644) of Ming China, was not only the starting point of the Zheng He voyages, but also an indispensable bridge in Ming China’s connection with the Indian Ocean world.