Abstract
The beginning of the skyscraper era was made possible by some key innovations that occurred in the late 19th century. Generally, steel frames and lifts were considered the key technologies, but a third was mentioned by witnesses of the time and then forgotten: the 'flat-arch' system to protect steel beams from fire. Now, The race for the sky is supported by innovation in the two main fields, which would otherwise represent a bottleneck in increasing the height of tall buildings. Fire safety, and safety in general, is probably the hardest barrier to unlimited height growth.
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