Abstract
Citing a large number of empirical case studies, this article challenges two mainstream views in Chinese NGO studies: firstly, Chinese NGOs generally lack autonomy; secondly, within the NGO sector, popularly organised (or “bottom-up”) NGOs are relatively more autonomous than officially-organised (or “top-down”) NGOs. This article argues that the mainstream views are wrong because they fail to appreciate the complexity of NGO-state interactions in contemporary China. It suggests that to fully capture such complexity, scholars need to develop more sophisticated frameworks for analysing state-society relations in China than have hitherto been applied.
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