Abstract
Quantitative estimation of atmospheric deposition to the North Sea is complicated by an inadequate understanding of wet and dry deposition processes over marine areas. This review examines the mechanisms involved and highlights the gaps in knowledge. Estimates of metal inputs based upon field measurements are reviewed in the light of the methods used and assumptions made in each study. The more recent advent of the application of atmospheric transport/deposition models to the estimation of deposition fluxes has provided useful insights into spatial patterns, but is subject to many of the limitations inherent in the measurement-based estimates. In general, estimates of atmospheric input fluxes have diminished in recent years, which may reflect both improved methodology in estimation, and/or decreased anthropogenic emissions in Western Europe. Finally, recommendations for future work are made.
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