Abstract
BackgroundVitamin D influences the formation and mineralization of teeth. ObjectiveTo investigate the association of maternal and neonatal vitamin D concentrations with the dental development of 10-y-old children, in a population-based prospective cohort study among 3,770 mothers and children in the Netherlands. MethodsMaternal venous blood samples were collected in the second trimester (median 20.4 weeks of gestation; range: 18.5–23.2 wk) whereas umbilical cord blood samples were collected immediately after delivery (median 40.1 weeks of gestation; range 35.9–42.3 wk). Dental development was defined using the Demirjian method. Multivariate regression models were built to analyze the studied associations. ResultsHigh concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] during midpregnancy (β: −0.04; 95% CI: −0.08, −0.01) and at birth (β: −0.06; 95% CI: −0.10, −0.02) were associated with a lower dental age in children. The children of mothers with severe vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D <25.0 nmol/L] during midpregnancy exhibited a higher dental age (β: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.24) and higher developmental stages of the mandibular first premolar (β: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.60) compared with the children of mothers with optimal values of 25(OH)D (≥75.0 nmol/L). Children with vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D 25.0–49.9 nmol/L] at birth exhibited a higher dental age (β: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.20), higher developmental stages of the mandibular second premolar (β: 0.27; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.51), and higher developmental stages of the mandibular second molar (β: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.48) compared with children with sufficient-to-optimal values of 25(OH)D (≥50.0 nmol/L) at birth. ConclusionHigher maternal and neonatal 25(OH)D concentrations are associated with decelerated dental development in childhood. The lower the vitamin D level during midpregnancy or at birth, the higher the dental age of children, and the higher the developmental stages of the mandibular teeth.
Highlights
Dental development is influenced by various biomarkers which inhibit or prohibit a cascade of signaling pathways [1,2,3,4]
The permanent dentition begins formation during midpregnancy, around the 20th week of gestation, matrix secretion will only start at birth [5]
Calcium and phosphorus are the most important minerals that form the hydroxyapatite crystals of enamel [9]; hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia can lead to impaired mineralization and delayed eruption of teeth [10]
Summary
Dental development is influenced by various biomarkers which inhibit or prohibit a cascade of signaling pathways [1,2,3,4]. The permanent dentition begins formation during midpregnancy, around the 20th week of gestation, matrix secretion will only start at birth [5]. Micronutrient deficiency at these two essential time points can directly influence matrix secretion in the hard tissues of the teeth and disturb the continuation of dental formation and mineralization [6,7,8]. Vitamin D influences the formation and mineralization of teeth
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