Abstract
Background: Non-motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease (PD) include the limbic, cognitive, and brainstem phenotype, which may have different pathological pathways with olfaction. In this work, we aim to clarify the association between olfactory dysfunction, depression, cognition, and disease severity in PD.Methods: A total of 105 PD subjects were included and divided into anosmia and non-anosmic groups, using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). All patients were evaluated with the movement disorder society unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS), the Beck depression inventory (BDI)-II, and the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA).Results: The BDI-II and UPSIT scores had a trend of reverse correlation without statistical significance (β-coefficient −0.12, p = 0.232). However, the odds ratio (OR) in anosmia was 2.74 (95% CI 1.01–7.46) for depression and 2.58 (95% CI 1.06–6.29) for cognitive impairment. For the MDS-UPDRS total and Part 3 score, the anosmia had a β-coefficient of 12.26 (95% CI 5.69–18.82) and 8.07 (95% CI 3.46–12.67), respectively. Neither depression nor cognitive impairment is associated with motor symptoms.Conclusion: More severe olfactory dysfunction in PD is associated with cognitive impairment and greater disease severity. Depression in PD may involve complex pathways, causing relatively weak association with olfactory dysfunction.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that involves both motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms
We compared the factors associated with depression in early diagnosed PD patients with disease duration >5 years, and it suggests that Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) score is less relevant to olfactory dysfunction [11]
There were 105 PD participants in the study, with a mean University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) score of 17.63 (±6.59), who were divided into groups as follows: 57 in the anosmic group (24 women, 33 men), and 48 in the nonanosmic group (16 women, 32 men)
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that involves both motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms. Given that olfactory dysfunction is hypothetically related to neurotransmitter dysfunction [3, 4], other non-motor symptoms such as cognitive dysfunction or depression may correlate with olfactory dysfunction in PD. Previous studies have revealed the possible relationship between olfactory dysfunction, motor disability, and non-motor symptoms in PD [5, 6]. We try to clarify the association of olfactory dysfunction with depression, cognition, and disease severity in our general PD group. Non-motor subtypes of Parkinson’s disease (PD) include the limbic, cognitive, and brainstem phenotype, which may have different pathological pathways with olfaction. We aim to clarify the association between olfactory dysfunction, depression, cognition, and disease severity in PD
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