Abstract
A growing number of patients suffer from autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disease. There has simultaneously been a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide. It is still an open question whether adiposity can directly influence activation of inflammatory processes affecting the thyroid in genetically predisposed individuals. Adipokines, biologically active substances derived from the adipocytes, belong to a heterogenic group of compounds involved in numerous physiological functions, including the maintenance of metabolism, hormonal balance, and immune response. Notably, the presence of obesity worsens the course of selected autoimmune diseases and impairs response to treatment. Moreover, the excess of body fat may result in the progression of autoimmune diseases. Nutritional status, body weight, and energy expenditure may influence thyroid hormone secretion. Interestingly, thyroid hormones might influence the activity of adipose tissue as metabolic alterations related to fat tissue are observed under pathological conditions in which there are deficits or overproduction of thyroid hormones. Functioning TSH receptors are expressed on adipocytes. Thermogenesis may presumably be stimulated by TSH binding to its receptor on brown adipocytes. There could be a bilateral interaction between the thyroid and adipose. Obesity may influence the onset and course of autoimmune disease.
Highlights
An abundance of data has indicated a growing obesity epidemic in the last few decades
Thyroid hormones might influence the activity of adipose tissue. us, it could be supposed that there is a bilateral interaction between thyroid and adiposity
Erefore, we present a wide spectrum of knowledge from the theoretical and clinical points of view concerning a potential relationship between thyroid autoimmunology/ thyroid function and adiposity. e decision for exploring these two issues, thyroid autoimmunity-obesity and thyroid function-obesity correlations, at the same time, was based on the findings that obesity is related to chronic low-grade inflammation. erefore, obesity-induced pathological processes might initiate the autoimmune cascade and, may impact both autoimmunological response and thyroid hormone production
Summary
An abundance of data has indicated a growing obesity epidemic in the last few decades. A significant increase in the prevalence of both, autoimmune thyroiditis and obesity, is noticed worldwide [18, 19] It is still an open question of whether an excess of fat tissue directly affects the activation of the inflammatory process in the thyroid of genetically predisposed individuals [17]. E decision for exploring these two issues, thyroid autoimmunity-obesity and thyroid function-obesity correlations, at the same time, was based on the findings that obesity is related to chronic low-grade inflammation. Is review aims to summarize the existing data extensively Such a broad approach to given topics will allow the readers to understand the mechanisms of potential processes occurring between the thyroid gland and adipose tissue. Patients are looking for an explanation for their obesity or metabolic disorders, and they often believe that obesity is related to the thyroid disease itself. erefore, clinical practitioners should know whether there are interactions between thyroid and adipose tissue to explain the doubts. is knowledge might help to make the right therapeutic decision, e.g., not to treat obesity with l-thyroxine
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