Abstract
Background: Red and processed meat intake have been associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, and a restricted intake is encouraged in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, evidence on the association between total meat intake and clinical outcomes in this patient group is lacking.Objectives: To investigate the association between total meat intake and risk of all-cause mortality, acute myocardial infarction, cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer in patients with stable angina pectoris. We also investigated whether age modified these associations.Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study consisted of 1,929 patients (80% male, mean age 62 years) with stable angina pectoris from the Western Norway B-Vitamin Intervention Trial. Dietary assessment was performed by the administration of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the association between a relative increase in total meat intake and the outcomes of interest.Results: The association per 50 g/1,000 kcal higher intake of total meat with morbidity and mortality were generally inconclusive but indicated an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction [HR: 1.26 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.61)] and gastrointestinal cancer [1.23 (0.70, 2.16)]. However, we observed a clear effect modification by age, where total meat intake was associated with an increased risk of mortality and acute myocardial infarction among younger individuals, but an attenuation, and even reversal of the risk association with increasing age.Conclusion: Our findings support the current dietary guidelines emphasizing a restricted meat intake in cardiovascular disease patients but highlights the need for further research on the association between meat intake and health outcomes in elderly populations. Future studies should investigate different types of meat separately in other CVD-cohorts, in different age-groups, as well as in the general population.
Highlights
Meat consumption has increased considerably worldwide in the last decades [1]
We aimed to investigate the association between total meat intake and risk of all-cause mortality, and incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cancer, and gastrointestinal (GI)cancer in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Key characteristics of the 1,929 patients and the associations with meat intake are presented in Table 1, with a more complete description of the study population provided in Supplementary Table 1
Summary
Meat consumption has increased considerably worldwide in the last decades [1]. Meat is the edible portion of animals and includes muscles, fats, tendons, ligaments, and offal. High consumption of red and processed meat has been associated with increased risk of several adverse health outcomes, including overweight and obesity [4], type 2 diabetes mellitus [5], cardiovascular disease (CVD) [6], cancer [7], and all-cause mortality [8] in initially healthy populations. Dietary intakes of red and processed meat have gained attention for their association with increased colorectal cancer risk [9]. Red and processed meat intake have been associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality, and a restricted intake is encouraged in patients with cardiovascular disease. Evidence on the association between total meat intake and clinical outcomes in this patient group is lacking
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