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Abstract
ObjectiveVitamin D deficiency is common and associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a marker of vascular stiffness associated with CVD. We hypothesized that Vitamin D (25 (OH) D) levels would be inversely associated with PWV in youth with and without type 1 diabetes (T1D).Study DesignComparisons were made between adolescents with T1D (n = 211; age = 17.5±2.3 years; diabetes duration = 10.9±3.2 years; A1c = 9.1±1.7%) and non-DM controls (n = 67; age = 16.9±1.9 years). PWV was measured in the carotid-femoral segment (Sphygmocor Vx, AtCor Medical, Lisle, IL).ResultsVitamin D levels were similar in adolescents with T1D and controls (27.7±0.7 v. 26.0±1.3 ng/ml; p = 0.26). Vitamin D was significantly inversely associated with PWV after adjusting for age, sex, quarter of the year, and race-ethnicity in adolescents with T1D (beta = −0.01±0.004, p = 0.02) but not in the non-DM adolescents (beta = −0.008±0.008, p = 0.32). Vitamin D remained significantly associated with PWV after additionally adjusting for hs-CRP in adolescents with T1D (−0.01±0.004, p = 0.01). After adjusting for BMI z-score, lipids, or blood pressure, the relationship of Vitamin D with PWV was not significant.ConclusionsVitamin D levels were inversely associated with PWV in adolescents with T1D, but not independently of BMI, lipids, or blood pressure. Our data contrast with other reports and suggest further research is indicated to determine if Vitamin D supplementation would be beneficial to lower CVD risk in adolescents with T1D with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.
Highlights
Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common in the United States, in the adolescent population, in which half of adolescents have been shown to be insufficient in vitamin D [1]
Vitamin D levels were inversely associated with Pulse wave velocity (PWV) in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes (T1D), but not independently of BMI, lipids, or blood pressure
Our data contrast with other reports and suggest further research is indicated to determine if Vitamin D supplementation would be beneficial to lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in adolescents with T1D with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency
Summary
Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are common in the United States, in the adolescent population, in which half of adolescents have been shown to be insufficient in vitamin D [1]. This lack of sufficient vitamin D is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and has been linked to major cardiometabolic risk factors, such as obesity, high blood pressure, and fasting hyperglycemia in adolescents [2], raising concern about the future health risks associated with this widespread hypovitaminosis D. One study showed lower levels of vitamin D in youth with new-onset T1D than in non-diabetic youth [9]
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