The association between sex and most childhood cancers is not mediated by birthweight

Abstract

BackgroundMale sex is associated with an increased risk of childhood cancer as is high birthweight. Given that sex determination precedes birthweight we conducted a mediation analysis to estimate the direct effect of sex in association with childhood cancer tumor type with birthweight as the mediator. MethodsCases (n = 12,632) and controls (n = 64,439) (ages 0–14 years) were identified from population-based cancer and birth registries in Minnesota, New York, and Washington states (1970–2014). An inverse odds weighting (IOW) mediation analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) as the measure of association between sex and cancer. ResultsA significant indirect effect was observed for sex and lymphoid leukemia, mediated by birthweight (indirectOR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02–1.04). We observed significant direct effects for male sex and lymphoid leukemia (directOR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.08–1.25), Hodgkin lymphoma (directOR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.22–1.81), Burkitt lymphoma (directOR: 5.02; 95% CI: 3.40–7.42), other non-Hodgkin lymphoma (directOR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.18–1.70), intracranial embryonal tumors (directOR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.26–1.76), hepatoblastoma (directOR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.40–2.59), and rhabdomyosarcoma (directOR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.19–1.81). There were also inverse associations for extracranial GCTs (directOR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.26–0.63) and thyroid carcinoma (directOR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.25–0.50). ConclusionSignificant direct effects for sex and numerous childhood cancer types suggests sex-specific factors such as differences in gene expression from the autosomes or the X chromosome, rather than birthweight, may underlie sex differences in tumor risk.