Abstract
Background: Previous studies are inconclusive on the relationship between parity and cardiovascular disease (CVD), with few evaluating multiple cardiovascular outcomes. It is also unclear if any relationship between parity and CVD is independent of breastfeeding. We examined the associations between parity and cardiovascular outcomes, including breastfeeding adjustment.Materials and Methods: Data were from 8,583 White and African American women, 45–64 years of age, in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, and strokes were ascertained from 1987 to 2016 by annual interviews and hospital surveillance. Parity and breastfeeding were self-reported. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated hazard ratios (HR) for the association between parity and cardiovascular outcomes, adjusting for baseline sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle factors, and breastfeeding.Results: Women reported no pregnancies (6.0%), or having 0 (1.6%), 1–2 (36.2%), 3–4 (36.4%), or 5+ (19.7%) live births. During 30 years follow-up, there were 1,352 CHDs, 843 MIs, 750 strokes, and 1,618 heart failure events. Compared with women with 1–2 prior births, those with prior pregnancies and no live births had greater incident CHD (HR = 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.14–2.42) and heart failure risk (1.46, 1.04–2.05), after adjustment for baseline characteristics. Women with 5+ births had greater risk of CHD (1.29, 1.10–1.52) and hospitalized MI (1.38, 1.13–1.69), after adjustment for baseline characteristics and breastfeeding.Conclusions: In a diverse U.S. cohort, a history of 5+ live births is associated with CHD risk, specifically, MI, independent of breastfeeding. Having a prior pregnancy and no live birth is associated with greater CHD and heart failure risk.
Highlights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women in every major developed country and most emerging economies.[1]
Women with prior pregnancies and no live births and those with 5+ births had a greater risk of composite Coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke compared with women with one to two births, after adjustment for age (HR [model 1] = 1.65, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.20–2.28 and hazard ratios (HR) [model 1] = 1.44, 95% CI 1.26–1.63, respectively) (Table 2)
Adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioral, and reproductive characteristics reduced the magnitude of the associations, HR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.08–2.05 and HR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.16–1.50, respectively
Summary
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women in every major developed country and most emerging economies.[1]. Previous studies are inconclusive on the relationship between parity and cardiovascular disease (CVD), with few evaluating multiple cardiovascular outcomes. It is unclear if any relationship between parity and CVD is independent of breastfeeding. Compared with women with 1–2 prior births, those with prior pregnancies and no live births had greater incident CHD (HR = 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.14–2.42) and heart failure risk (1.46, 1.04–2.05), after adjustment for baseline characteristics. Women with 5+ births had greater risk of CHD (1.29, 1.10–1.52) and hospitalized MI (1.38, 1.13–1.69), after adjustment for baseline characteristics and breastfeeding. Having a prior pregnancy and no live birth is associated with greater CHD and heart failure risk
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