Abstract
Obesity-risk genes have been associated with dietary intake, appetite regulation, and gestational weight gain (GWG). The purpose of this study was to examine whether dietary intake including total energy intake and macronutrients modify or mediate the association between obesity-risk genes and GWG. An observational study was conducted with 85 African American pregnant women. Sociodemographic, medical, and lifestyle factors and dietary recalls were collected during pregnancy. Seven obesity-risk genetic variants were genotyped. Regression analyses with bootstrapping methods were used to examine the moderation and mediation effects of dietary intake. The mean GWG was 14.2 kg, and 55.3% of the women gained above the Institute of Medicine GWG guidelines. A nominally significant association was found between rs17782313 (close to MC4R) and percentage of energy intake from fat (P=0.043). A variant downstream of KCTD15 (rs11084753) was nominally significantly related to GWG (P=0.023). There was a significant interaction between the KCTD15 polymorphism and dietary fat intake (P=0.048). Women with the AG genotype gained more weight during pregnancy with more dietary fat consumption. In conclusion, our results indicate that dietary macronutrients, especially fat intake, may modify the effect of the KCTD15 gene on GWG. Improved knowledge of gene-diet interactions can facilitate the development of personalized interventions.
Highlights
High gestational weight gain (GWG) has been linked to adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, such as preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and high birthweight [1]
Carbohydrate. e AG carriers gained more weight during pregnancy, and their GWG was higher with greater amounts of dietary fat intake
Several studies have examined the relationship between this single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and dietary fat intake in nonpregnant populations
Summary
High gestational weight gain (GWG) has been linked to adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, such as preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and high birthweight [1]. High GWG has been associated with long-term maternal weight retention and offspring obesity [2, 3]. African American women have a higher rate of weight retention and obesity after delivery compared to Caucasian women [6]. Obesity is a consequence of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure [8]. E regulation of energy homeostasis is complex and involves multiple factors, such as neural and endocrine systems related to food intake, environments linked to food availability, and sedentary lifestyles associated with energy expenditure [8, 9] The mechanism of how and why an imbalance occurs has not been fully understood. e regulation of energy homeostasis is complex and involves multiple factors, such as neural and endocrine systems related to food intake, environments linked to food availability, and sedentary lifestyles associated with energy expenditure [8, 9]
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