Abstract
Some studies have shown that maternal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may be associated with early attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to verify this association by reviewing existing studies and to provide a strong basis for preventing ADHD. The researchers searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Embase for all studies published before October 2020. Finally, we included nine articles for analysis. Our meta-analysis showed that maternal exposure to PFASs was not significantly associated with the prevalence rate of early childhood ADHD (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), odds ratio (OR) = 1.00, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.75-1.25; perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.88-1.14; perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.80-1.09; perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.99-1.28; perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.15-2.32). Due to significant heterogeneity, we subsequently performed subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis. Through subgroup analysis, we found that PFOS concentration of children's blood and the prevalence rate of early childhood ADHD were statistically positively correlated, and there was also a positive correlation between PFOS exposure and the prevalence rate of early childhood ADHD in the America. Moreover, there was also a statistically positive correlation between PFNA concentration in maternal blood and the prevalence rate of early childhood ADHD. Sensitivity analysis showed that the final results did not change much, the sensitivity was low, and the results were relatively stable. In conclusion, a causal relationship between maternal PFASs exposure and ADHD in children was unlikely. Among them, PFOS, PFNA, and ADHD might have positive associations worthy of further investigation.
Highlights
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), commonly known as hyperactivity disorders, is a common neuropsychological development disorder in children and adolescents
Our meta-analysis showed that maternal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was not significantly associated with the prevalence rate of early childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA): odds ratio (OR) = 1.00, 95% confidence interval = 0.75–1.25; perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS): OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.88–1.14; perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS): OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.80–1.09; perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA): OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.99–1.28; perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA): OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.15–2.32)
Inclusion criteria: (a) the study design was cross-sectional, case-control or cohort study; (b) this study examined the relationship between maternal PFASs exposure and early childhood ADHD; (c) the study provided the odds ratio (OR), risk ratio (RR) or hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence interval between maternal PFASs exposure and prevalence and incidence rate of ADHD in early childhood; (d) logistic regression model was used in the study
Summary
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), commonly known as hyperactivity disorders, is a common neuropsychological development disorder in children and adolescents. The main manifestations of ADHD are inattention, excessive activity, emotional instability, impulsive willfulness, bad self-control ability, etc. A study reported that the incidence rate of ADHD in children worldwide is about 5% ~ 8% (Mohr and Steinhausen 2015). ADHD seriously affects children's academic performance and life and brings a heavy burden to family and society. To a large extent, genetics determines the aetiology of ADHD (Fernandez-Jaen, Fernández-Mayoralas et al 2012, Mohr and Steinhausen 2015), some environmental factors, especially environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are risk factors of ADHD (Banerjee, Middleton et al 2007)
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