Abstract
Dyslipidemia is associated with increased arterial stiffness (AS) which may lead to hypertension. Among the methods to assess AS are carotid-femoral and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity. Dyslipidemia is also known to trigger inflammation. C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the commonest inflammatory markers measured in the clinical setting. However, the association between inflammation and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in people with dyslipidemia is less studied. Therefore, this review investigated the association between inflammation (as measured by CRP) and PWV in dyslipidemia patients. The search of the literature was conducted via PubMed and Scopus database. The keywords used were “aortic stiffness” OR “arterial stiffness” OR “pulse wave velocity” OR “vascular stiffness” OR “carotid femoral pulse wave velocity” OR “pulse wave analysis” AND “inflammation” OR “c reactive protein” OR “c-reactive protein” OR “high sensitivity c reactive protein” AND “dyslipidemia” OR “hyperlipidemia” OR “hypercholesterolemia” OR “hyperlipoproteinemia” OR “hypertriglyceridemia”. The following criteria were used: (1) only full-length original articles published in English language, (2) articles that reported the association between arterial stiffness measured as carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV) or brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) and CRP or high-sensitivity CRP, and (3) study involving human subjects. The search identified 957 articles published between 1980 and February 2020. Only eight articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were used for data extraction. Five of the studies were cross-sectional studies while another three studies were interventional studies. Seven out of eight papers found a significant positive association between AS and CRP, and the correlation ranged from mild to moderate association (Pearson r = 0.33 to r = 0.624). In conclusion, inflammation is associated with increased PWV in patients with dyslipidemia. This supports the involvement of inflammation in the development of AS in dyslipidemia.
Highlights
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide
We focused on the commonest inflammatory markers that are measured clinically which are C-reactive protein (CRP) and high-sensitivity CRP
The following keywords were used as search strategy: (“aortic stiffness”) OR (“arterial stiffness”) OR (“pulse wave velocity”) OR (“vascular stiffness”) OR (“carotid femoral pulse wave velocity”) OR (“pulse wave analysis”) AND (“inflammation”) OR (“c reactive protein”) OR (“c-reactive protein”) OR (“high sensitivity c reactive protein”) AND (“dyslipidemia”) OR (“hyperlipidemia”) OR (“hypercholesterolemia”) OR (“hyperlipoproteinemia”) OR (“hypertriglyceridemia”)
Summary
Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013 to 2016 data, the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (comprising of CHD, heart failure, stroke, and hypertension) in adults ≥ 20 years of age in the United States was 48.0% overall (121.5 million in 2016) and increases with advancing age in both males and females [1]. In 2017, the main cause of death in Malaysia was ischaemic heart diseases (IHD) with a percentage of 13.9% and this increased to 15.6% in 2018 [2]. In 2018, IHD remained as the principal causes of death for males (17.8%). Pneumonia remained as the principal causes of death at 12.8 percent, followed by IHD (12.2%). It was reported that the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Mediators of Inflammation
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