The association between hypomagnesemia and poor glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes is limited to insulin resistant individuals

Abstract

In a cohort of adults with type 1 diabetes, we examined the prevalence of hypomagnesemia and the correlation of serum magnesium levels with metabolic determinants, such as glycaemic control (as HbA1c), inflammatory markers and circulating cytokines. Furthermore, we assessed if a surrogate for insulin resistance is essential for the possible association of serum magnesium with metabolic determinants. Individuals with type 1 diabetes, aged above 18 years, were included and clinical characteristics were obtained from questionnaires and clinical records. In venous blood samples we measured cytokines and adipose-tissue specific secretion proteins. Serum magnesium concentrations were measured and correlated with clinical data and laboratory measurements using univariate and multivariate regression models. Hierarchical multiple regression of serum magnesium with insulin resistance was adjusted for diabetes and potential magnesium confounders. The prevalence of hypomagnesemia (serum magnesium levels < 0.7 mmol/L) was 2.9% in a cohort consisting of 241 individuals with type 1 diabetes. The magnesium concentration in the cohort was not associated with HbA1c (r = − 0.12, P-value = 0.068) nor with any inflammatory marker or adipokine. However, insulin dose (IU/kg), a surrogate measure of resistance in type 1 diabetes, moderated the association of serum magnesium (mmol/L) with HbA1c (mmol/mol) with a B coefficient of − 71.91 (95% CI: − 119.11; -24.71), P-value = 0.003) and Log10 high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Log10 mg/L) − 2.09 (95% CI: − 3.70; − 0.48), P-value = 0.011). The association of low serum magnesium levels with glycaemic control (HbA1c) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in individuals with type 1 diabetes is limited to subjects using a high insulin dose and suggests that insulin resistance, a type 2 diabetes feature, is a prerequisite for hypomagnesemia.