Abstract
Population specific associations between cardiovascular disease with various risk factors including pre-hypertension and hypertension were reported. We aimed to investigate the association of higher than optimal blood pressure with measures of dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, and markers of inflammation in non-diabetic Saudi adults hoping to improve current Saudi guidelines to prevent cardiovascular disease. Volunteers were recruited randomly from public healthcare centers in Jeddah. Demographic information, blood pressure (BP), and anthropometric measurements were taken. Fasting blood samples were drawn, then again following 1-hour oral glucose tolerance test. Glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipid profile, highly sensitive C- reactive protein, gamma glutamyl transferase, and 1-hour plasma glucose were measured. Complete data was found for 742 men and 592 women. Pre-hypertension was found in 47.2% of men, and 24.7% of women, while 15.1% of men, and 14.6% of women were hypertensive. Means of measured variables differed significantly between normotensive, pre-hypertensive, and hypertensive groups of men and women in gender specific manner. Association between measured variables and elevated BP, and hypertension were assessed using logistic regression models. After adjustment for age, body mass index and waist circumference, elevated blood pressure was associated with elevated triglycerides in men, while hypertension was significantly associated with elevated fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein- cholesterol, and low high density lipoprotein- cholesterol in men, and elevated triglycerides, and total cholesterol in women. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to measure lipid profile, specifically TG, for all diagnosed pre-hypertensive and hypertensive patients in addition to FPG for men.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [1]
Evidence for the relationship between increased weight and increased blood pressure (BP) was reported much earlier based on findings in the nationwide "Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic Screening" of more than 1 million men and women in the USA [20], and the "Framingham Study", where it was demonstrated that BP increased in both men and women with increased overweight [21]
After laboratory analysis of collected blood samples, and excluding those discovered to have previously undiagnosed diabetes, as well as excluding cases with missing data, complete data for the present analysis were available for 1334 individuals, 742 men and 592 women
Summary
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [1]. Dyslipidemia, smoking, chronic inflammation, and abdominal obesity are known risk factors for CVD [2,3,4,5,6]. Evidence for the relationship between increased weight and increased BP was reported much earlier based on findings in the nationwide "Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinic Screening" of more than 1 million men and women in the USA [20], and the "Framingham Study", where it was demonstrated that BP increased in both men and women with increased overweight [21]. These findings were verified later in a Canadian study especially in young adults 18 to 34 years of age [22], and in female nurses in USA [23]
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