The association between Helicobacter pylori virulence factor genotypes and gastroduodenal diseases in children

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the association between Helicobacter pylori (Hp) virulence factor genotypes and the degree and activity of gastric mucosa pathological changes in pediatric gastroduodenal diseases. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted from May 2020 to October 2020. The frozen strains of Hp, which were cultured with the gastric mucosa of 68 children with gastroscopy confirmed gastroduodenal diseases who visited the children's hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from April 2012 to December 2014, were resuscitated. After extracting DNA from these Hp strains, PCR amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis were performed to determine the detection rate of cytotoxin-associated protein A (cagA),vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA)(s1a、s1b/s2,m1/m2), outer inflammatory protein A (oipA),blood group antigen binding adhesin (babA),duodenal ulcer promoting protein A (dupA) genes; oipA genes were sequenced to determine the gene status. The patients were divided into different groups according to the findings of gastroscopy and gastric mucosa pathology. The detection rates of various virulence factor genotypes among different groups were compared using χ2 tests or Fisher's exact tests. Results: The 68 Hp strains all completed genetic testing. According to the diagnostic findings of gastroscopy, the 68 cases were divided into 47 cases of superficial gastritis and 21 cases of peptic ulcer. Regarding the pathological changes of gastric mucosa, 8 cases were mild, and 60 cases were moderate and severe according to the degree of inflammation; 61 cases were active and 7 cases inactive according to the activity of inflammation. The overall detection rates of cagA, vacA, vacA s1/m2, functional oipA, babA2, and dupA virulence factor genes were 100% (68/68), 100% (68/68), 94% (64/68), 99% (67/68), 82% (56/68), and 71% (48/68), respectively. In the superficial gastritis group, their detection rates were 100% (47/47), 100% (47/47), 96% (45/47), 98% (46/47), 81% (38/47), and 70% (33/47), respectively; in the peptic ulcer group, their detection rates were 100% (21/21), 100% (21/21), 90% (19/21), 100% (21/21), 86% (18/21), and 71% (15/21), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (all P>0.05). In the mild gastric mucosa inflammation group, the detection rates of the above six genotypes were 8/8, 8/8, 8/8, 7/8, 7/8, and 5/8, respectively; and in the moderate to severe inflammation groups, the detection rates were 100% (60/60), 100% (60/60), 93% (56/60), 100% (60/60), 82% (49/60), and 72% (43/60), respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups (all P>0.05). In the active inflammation group, the detection rate of six genotypes were 100% (61/61), 100% (61/61), 93% (57/61), 98% (60/61), 82% (50/61), and 72% (44/61), respectively; and in the inactive inflammation group, they were 7/7, 7/7, 7/7, 7/7, 6/7, and 4/7, respectively. Again, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (all P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the detection rate of combinations of 4 or 5 virulence factor genes among the different groups (all P>0.05). Conclusions: CagA, vacA, vacA s1/m2, functional oipA, babA2, and dupA genes are not associated with superficial gastritis and peptic ulcer in children, or with the degree and activity of gastric mucosa pathological inflammation. Different gene combinations of cagA, vacA, oipA, babA2, and dupA have no significant effects on predicting the clinical outcome of Hp infection in children.