The Association between Dyslipidemia, Dietary Habits and Other Lifestyle Indicators among Non-Diabetic Attendees of Primary Health Care Centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Sumia Enani,Suhad Bahijri,Anwar Boraie,Jaakko Tuomilehto,Hanan Jambi,Jawaher Al-Ahmadi,Rajaa Al Raddadi,Manal Malibary,Basmah Eldakhakhny,Ghada Ajabnoor

doi:10.3390/nu12082441

Abstract

Diet and other lifestyle habits have been reported to contribute to the development of dyslipidemia in various populations. Therefore, this study investigated the association between dyslipidemia and dietary and other lifestyle practices among Saudi adults. Data were collected from adults (≥20 years) not previously diagnosed with diabetes in a cross-sectional design. Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics, as well as lifestyle and dietary habits were recorded using a predesigned questionnaire. Fasting blood samples were drawn to estimate the serum lipid profile. Out of 1385 people, 858 (62%) (491 men, 367 women) had dyslipidemia. After regression analysis to adjust for age, body mass index, and waist circumference, an intake of ≥5 cups/week of Turkish coffee, or carbonated drinks was associated with increased risk of dyslipidemia in men (OR (95% CI), 2.74 (1.53, 4.89) p = 0.001, and 1.53 (1.04, 2.26) p = 0.03 respectively), while the same intake of American coffee had a protective effect (0.53 (0.30, 0.92) p = 0.025). Sleep duration <6 h, and smoking were also associated with increased risk in men (1.573 (1.14, 2.18) p = 0.006, and 1.41 (1.00, 1.99) p = 0.043 respectively). In women, an increased intake of fresh vegetables was associated with increased risk (2.07 (1.09, 3.94) p = 0.026), which could be attributed to added salad dressing. Thus, there are sex differences in response to dietary and lifestyle practices.

Highlights

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major health problems contributing to 31% of global death in 2017 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]
An increased risk of dyslipidemia was found to be associated with high consumption of Turkish coffee, and carbonated drinks, short (8 h) sleep duration, and smoking, while high consumption of American coffee was associated with decreased risk after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)
Only increased consumption of fresh vegetables was associated with an increased risk of dyslipidemia in women after adjusting for confounding factors

Summary

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are major health problems contributing to 31% of global death in 2017 according to the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. The prevalence of CVD in Saudi Arabia in 2004 has been reported to be 5.5% [2], accounting for almost 45.7% of deaths [3]. Dyslipidemia, defined as any abnormalities in serum lipids is considered atherogenic, and is reported to be associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease [7,8]. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the prevalence of dyslipidemia in Saudi Arabia in the past reporting an overall prevalence of 20–54% [9,10,11]. A more recent study published in 2018 on people in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia reported that the prevalence of (diagnosed and borderline) hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C)-cholesterol, and decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL-C)-cholesterol were 51%, 26.9%, 38.1%, and 90.5%, respectively [12]

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion