Abstract
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Highlights
Fractures of the hip and forearm is a large health problem in the elderly
Current hormone therapy (HT) use showed the strongest association with bone mineral density (BMD)
We observed increased odds ratios for osteporosis in the high caffeine/low calcium consumers compared to the low caffeine/high calcium consumers, after adjustment for a variety of confounders
Summary
Fractures of the hip and forearm is a large health problem in the elderly. There is evidence that certain nutritional factors may exert a negative effect on bone through a negative calcium balance and among these are caffeine [1]. It has been demonstrated that caffeine increases urinary excretion of calcium in at least three hours after intake, and that this effect is proportional to the dose of caffeine per lean body mass. A long-term high caffeine intake may involve considerable calcium losses which, if not compensated for, could be suspected to increase the risk of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) through decalcification of the skeleton. Caffeine may via an effect on BMD be a factor contributing to osteoporotic fractures. Current HT use was the variable that showed the strongest association with BMD. It has been demonstrated in randomised controlled trials that HT has a strong positive effect on BMD [37]. There is a larger proportion of trabecular bone in the ultradistal (50-70%) compared to the distal forearm (10-20%), and a stronger association with caffeine in the more metabolically active trabecular bone seems plausible
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