Abstract
The effect of skipping breakfast on health, especially in adults, remains a controversial topic. A secondary data analysis was conducted to examine associations between breakfast eating patterns and weight loss, nutrient intake, and metabolic parameters among participants with metabolic syndrome (MetS) (n = 240). Three randomly selected 24-h dietary recalls were collected from each participant at baseline and at the one-year visit. Skipped breakfast was seen in 32.9% at baseline and in 17.4% at the one-year visit, respectively. At baseline, after adjustment for demographics and physical activity, participants who ate breakfast had a higher thiamin, niacin, and folate intake than did breakfast skippers (p < 0.05); other selected parameters including body weight, dietary quality scores, nutrient intake, and metabolic parameters showed no significant differences between the two groups (p ≥ 0.05). From baseline to one year, after adjustment for covariates, mean fat intake increased by 2.7% (95% confidence intervals (CI): −1.0, 6.5%) of total energy in breakfast skippers in comparison to the 1.2% decrease observed in breakfast eaters (95% CI: −3.4, 1.1%) (p = 0.02). Mean changes in other selected parameters showed no significant differences between breakfast skippers and eaters (p > 0.05). This study did not support the hypothesis that skipping breakfast has impact on body weight, nutrient intakes, and selected metabolic measures in participants with MetS.
Highlights
Breakfast skipping continues to be a controversial public health issue
Using a secondary data analysis from a one-year dietary interventional trial, our current study investigated the association between breakfast skipping and body weight, nutrient intake, and metabolic parameters in participants with metabolic syndrome (MetS)
Mean duration of total physical activity was 235.1 min/week for breakfast skippers, much higher than that (200.4 min/week, 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 184.8, 216.0 min/week) for breakfast eaters (p = 0.02), but this difference was attenuated at the one year visit (p = 0.16)
Summary
Current evidence does not support a clear effect of regularly consuming or skipping breakfast on body mass/composition, nutrient intake, or metabolic parameters. Some studies suggest that breakfast is the most important meal of the day, with consumption associated with a higher calcium and fiber intake and, a lower body mass index [1]. A series of studies have reported that breakfast skipping is associated with obesity [2], hypertension [3] cardiometabolic disease [4], lower dietary quality scores [5], insulin insensitivity, and diabetes mellitus [6] and mortality [7]. Studies examining vitamin and mineral intake (i.e., fiber, B6 and B12 , niacin, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamins A and C, calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc) related to breakfast skipping showed that eating. Mattson and colleagues (2003) showed that the effect of breakfast skipping was similar to intermittent fasting resulting in reduction of caloric intake, which would have metabolic benefits [21]
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