Abstract
BackgroundAcute myocardial infarction (AMI) is major cardiovascular disease that causes high morbidity and mortality. In AMI, ischemia and necrosis affected some cardiomyocytes leading to a decrease in myocardial contractility which is followed by an acute proinflammation reaction and increased sympathetic tone. Meanwhile, high blood pressure variability (BPV) causing an increased left ventricular workload, heart rate, myocardial oxygen demand and induces proinflamations and endothelial dysfunction. Therefore a high BPV and its associated pathological effects are likely to aggravate the physiological function of the heart and affect the emergence of acute cardiac complications in AMI patients. This study aims to investigate the association’s between short-term BPV and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in AMI patients. This retrospective cohort study used simple random sampling to identify AMI patients who were hospitalized at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital between January 2018 and December 2019. Mann Withney was performed to investigate the association between BPV and MACE.ResultsThe average systolic BPV value which was calculated as standard deviation (SD) and average real variability (ARV) was higher in the MACE group than in the non-MACE group. Systolic SD and systolic ARV in the MACE group were 13.28 ± 5.41 mmHg and 9.88 ± 3.81 mmHg respectively. In the non-MACE group, systolic SD and systolic ARV were 10.76 (4.59–26.17) mmHg and 8.65 (3.22–19.35) mmHg respectively. There was no significant association between BPV and MACE. However, there were significant differences between systolic SD and systolic ARV in patients with hypertension who experienced MACE and patients without hypertension who experienced MACE.ConclusionsThe BPV of AMI patients who experience MACE was higher than that of non-MACE AMI patients. There was no significant association between BPV and MACE during the acute phase of AMI.
Highlights
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is major cardiovascular disease that causes high morbidity and mortality
Ischemic myocardial cells trigger various cellular, hormonal and immune responses in the heart. These responses include the release of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of cellular and hormonal immunity, which in turn will initiate the process of necrosis, apoptosis, autophagia, and proinflammatory reactions in the heart
Some injured cardiomyocytes leading to a decrease in myocardial contractility, which is compensated by an increase in sympathetic activity and the secretion of catecholamines as well as angiotensinogen, which aims to maintain peripheral hemostasis function [1,2,3]
Summary
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is major cardiovascular disease that causes high morbidity and mortality. In AMI, ischemia and necrosis affected some cardiomyocytes leading to a decrease in myocardial contractility which is followed by an acute proinflammation reaction and increased sympathetic tone. This study aims to investigate the association’s between short-term BPV and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in AMI patients. This retrospective cohort study used simple random sampling to identify AMI patients who were hospitalized at Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital between January 2018 and December 2019. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major cardiovascular disease that causes morbidity and mortality. Some injured cardiomyocytes leading to a decrease in myocardial contractility, which is compensated by an increase in sympathetic activity and the secretion of catecholamines as well as angiotensinogen, which aims to maintain peripheral hemostasis function [1,2,3]
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