Abstract
To assess maternal serum levels of vitamin D in fetuses appropriate for gestational age (AGA), small for gestational age (SGA), and with fetal growth restriction (FGR) according to estimated fetal weight (EFW). This cross-sectional study included 87 pregnant women between 26 and 36 weeks of gestation: 38 in the AGA group, 24 in the SGA group, and 25 in the FGR group. Maternal serum vitamin D levels were assessed using the chemiluminescence method. The Fisher exact test was used to compare the results between the groups. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) of maternal age (years) and body mass index (kg/m2) in the AGA, SGA, and FGR groups were 25.26 ± 8.40 / 26.57 ± 4.37; 25.04 ± 8.44 / 26.09 ± 3.94; and 25.48 ± 7.52 / 26.24 ± 4.66, respectively (p > 0.05). The maternal serum vitamin D levels (mean ± SD) of the AGA, SGA, and FGR groups were 22.47 ± 8.35 ng/mL, 24.80 ± 10.76 ng/mL, and 23.61 ± 9.98 ng/mL, respectively, but without significant differences between the groups (p = 0.672). Maternal serum vitamin D levels did not present significant differences among pregnant women with AGA, SGA, or FGR fetuses between 26 and 36 weeks of gestation according to EFW.
Highlights
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) affects $ 5 to 10% of pregnancies and is the second obstetric complication with higher perinatal mortality, responsible for $ 30% of stillbirths, as well as a cause of higher frequency of premature births and intrapartum asphyxia.[1]
Maternal serum vitamin D levels did not present significant differences among pregnant women with appropriate for gestational age (AGA), Small for gestational age (SGA), or FGR fetuses between 26 and 36 weeks of gestation according to estimated fetal weight (EFW)
Appropriate for gestational age was defined if the EFW was between 10th and 90th percentile according to the respective gestational age,[11] following normal values of pulsatility index (PI) of the umbilical artery (UA), PI of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and mean PI of the uterine artery (UtA)
Summary
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) affects $ 5 to 10% of pregnancies and is the second obstetric complication with higher perinatal mortality, responsible for $ 30% of stillbirths, as well as a cause of higher frequency of premature births and intrapartum asphyxia.[1] Small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses are those with prediction of weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age, without impairing their genetic potential for growth.[2]. Vitamin D deficiency may be due to inadequate exposure to the sun, inefficient food intake, decrease in absorption, and abnormal metabolism.[5] Recent studies have related vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy to preeclampsia,[6] gestational diabetes mellitus,[7] and prematurity;[8] yet, the relationship with FGR or SGA fetuses remains uncertain
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