The Assessment of the Spectrum of Preventive Measures Taken by Healthcare Providers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in India: A Survey-Based Study.

Abstract

The first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic createdhavoc and confusion in choosing appropriate treatment, as well as prophylaxis, due to its rapid surge, disease novelty, and lack of evidence-based literature. It was even more concerning amongthe healthcare workers (HCWs), who had to take care of patients, themselves, and their own families. This online survey-based study targeted finding the various options for COVID-19 precautionary or prophylactic measures opted for by HCWs. This was an observational study based on a predesigned questionnaire, which was floated online for three months after institutional ethical approval, just after the first wave of COVID-19 in 2021, targetingHCWs of different cadres (doctors, nurses, paramedics/laboratory technicians, etc.), ages, and sexesand HCWs hailing from across the country. Questions were focused on HCW's adopted measures, the order of preference and its reasons, and concerns related to safety and efficacy. Data was collected through Google Forms (Google, Inc., Mountain View, CA) into an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft® Corp., Redmond, WA) and analyzed by the latest Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)software (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY) using appropriate statistics. The routine practice of standard precautionary measures (face mask, hand hygiene, and social distancing) and wearing a personal protective equipment (PPE) kit during the care of COVID-19-positive or COVID-19-suspected patients was adopted by themajority of HCWs, i.e., 306/312 (>98%) irrespective of cadre (p = 0.001). After the "routine measures," the most adopted measure by participant HCWs irrespective of profession, age, and gender was the consumption of allopathic drugs (n = 188; 60.26%). Anti-COVID-19 measures in the category of drugs used by healthcare providers (HCPs) were prophylactic allopathic drugs (60.26%), homeopathic drugs (11.86%), and other Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (AYUSH)/traditional medical system drugs (11.86%). Vitamin C was the most consumed among all of the drugs for COVID-19 prophylaxis purposes. Non-drug measures espoused by the HCPs were physical exercises (46.47%), increased sleepduration (35.89%), change in dietary habits (42.62%), and spiritual measures (19.23%). The fear of COVID-19 imposed on the HCPs the obligation to use all the available preventive measures in spite of the lack of evidence on actual benefits. After the routine infection preventive measures, the most adopted measure by participant HCWs irrespective of profession, age, and gender was the consumption of prophylactic allopathic drugs (>60%), and the most non-drug preventive measures were the initiation of physical exercises and change in dietary habits. Adapting some form of physical exercise was more noted with males than females (p = 0.001), and it significantly increased with HCPs of higher age of >25 and >40 years than younger HCPs (58.6% versus29.3%; p = 0.016). Females preferred more dietary and nutritional modifications.