Abstract
Toxicity and inflammatory activity of wastewater samples were evaluated using RAW264.7 cells as a bioassay model. The RAW264.7 cell cultures were exposed to sterile filtered wastewater samples collected from a sewage treatment plant. Cell viability was evaluated using WST‐1 and XTT assays. Inflammatory effects of samples were assessed by determination of nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin 6 (IL‐6). The NO was estimated using the Griess reaction and IL‐6 was measured by enzyme‐linked immunoassay. All samples had no toxicity effects to RAW264.7 cells, however they significantly (P < 0.001) induced NO and IL‐6 production. The highest NO (12.5 ± 0.38 μM) and IL‐6 (25383.84 ± 2327 pg/mL) production was induced by postbiofiltration sample. Final effluent induced the lowest inflammatory response, which indicates effective sewage treatment. In conclusion, wastewater samples can induce inflammatory activities in RAW264.7 cells. The RAW264.7 cells, therefore, can be used as a model for monitoring the quality of treated sewage.
Highlights
IntroductionRaw sewage may contain high levels of pollutants like nutrients, inorganic chemicals, organic micropollutants, microorganisms and microbial products like endotoxins (Carlson et al 2013; da Silva et al 2013)
Sewage is normally composed of many types of pollutants
This study focused on the cytotoxicity and inflammatory activity of these samples to determine if the RAW264.7 cell line is a sensitive model for sewage quality monitoring
Summary
Raw sewage may contain high levels of pollutants like nutrients, inorganic chemicals, organic micropollutants, microorganisms and microbial products like endotoxins (Carlson et al 2013; da Silva et al 2013). When inadequately treated, it can pollute water bodies. Common pollutants are microbes, heavy metals, steroids, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, industrial and domestic chemicals (Naidoo and Olaniran 2013; Du et al 2014; Faul et al 2014). Discharged municipal effluents can, be a source of contamination to receiving surface water and drinking water (Stackelberg et al 2004; Naidoo and Olaniran 2013). Many of the pollutants in wastewater can be immunotoxic because of the induction of inflammatory reactions (Wichmann et al 2004; Xu et al 2013; Kim et al 2014)
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