The Assessment of Complications After Major Abdominal Surgery: A Comparison of Two Scales

Abstract

BackgroundAn accurate and reproducible method for the evaluation of postoperative morbidity is essential for a valid assessment of the outcomes of surgery. However, there is still no consensus on reporting of complications. The Clavien-Dindo classification (CDC) of complications is a validated system which reports only the most severe complication. The Comprehensive Complication Index (CCI) is a novel scale designed to capture the overall burden of complications. The aim of our study is to validate and compare the CDC and the CCI in the setting of high-risk surgical patients in whom multiple complications are common. MethodsA prospective, observational study analyzed 206 high-risk adult patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Each postoperative complication was recorded until discharge or readmission within 30 days. The severity of complications was graded with the CDC, and the CCI was calculated subsequently. Correlations of the CDC and the CCI with hospitalization indicators and functional activity on discharge were assessed and compared. ResultsA total of 424 complications occurred in 125 (60.7%) patients. The median CCI for the cohort was 20.9 (0-44.9). CD grade II was the most frequent among patients with complications (62/125; 49.6%). The CCI and the CDC have shown a strong correlation (r = 0.969, P < 0.01). Both scales strongly correlated with the parameters of hospitalization, but the CCI showed a stronger correlation to the intensive care unit length of stay (LOS; 0.670 versus 0.628, P < 0.001), postoperative LOS (0.652 versus 0.630, P = 0.041), and prolonged intensive care unit LOS (0.604 versus 0.555, P < 0.001). The median CCI and the highest CD grade were significantly different respective to the functional activity on discharge (P < 0.001). ConclusionsThe CDC and the CCI are the effective methods for reporting of complications after major abdominal surgery. The CCI is a more accurate scale for use in high-risk patients and correlates better with the postoperative LOS.