Abstract
Nanosponges are nanosized drug carriers with a three-dimensional structure created by crosslinking polymers. They have the advantage of being able to hold a wide range of drugs of various sizes. Nanosponges come in a variety of shapes and sizes. They are distinguished by the research method used, the type of polymer used, and the type of drug they may contain. Nanosponges are superior to other delivery systems because they can provide a controlled drug release pattern with targeted drug delivery. The period of action, as well as the drug’s residence time, may be regulated. Since it is made of biodegradable materials, it has a low toxicity and is safe to use. The efficiency of drug encapsulation is determined by the size of the drug molecule and the amount of void space available. Cancer, enzyme and biocatalyst carrier, oxygen delivery, solubility enhancement, enzyme immobilization, and poison absorbent are some of the applications for nanosponges. The method of preparation, characterization, factors affecting nanosponge development, drug loading and release mechanism, recent developments in this area, and patents filed in the area of nanosponges are all highlighted in this study.Graphical abstract
Highlights
PMDA pyromellitic dianhydride scanning electron microscopy. This drug delivery system has a major accomplishment of providing a solution to the problems related to the release of the drug at the specific site at a determined rate [1]
The results of high resolution-transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) displayed that the NSs obtained by microwave synthesis were highly crystalline, and showed increased degree of complexity along with narrow size distribution
9 Mechanism of drug release from nanosponges The NSs consist of multiple openings in their structures available in their core, which allow free passage of the drug molecule through and the liquid has achieved the state of saturation for the drug molecule
Summary
This drug delivery system has a major accomplishment of providing a solution to the problems related to the release of the drug at the specific site at a determined rate [1]. NSs are an encapsulating type of nanomaterials that are composed of microscopic particles with little nanometer-wide cavities, providing a medium to incorporate and encapsulate a variety of drugs [8] These materials are helpful in encapsulation of both, hydrophilic and lipophilic moiety, helping in upgrading the solubility of poorly water-solvable molecules [9]. They have an inner lipophilic cavity with hydrophilic branching on the outside, which facilitates carrying both hydrophilic and lipophilic drug molecules [14] These types of formulations can be used to mask displeasing flavor of the drug, which is possible by reacting cyclodextrin (CD) with an acceptable crosslinker, resulting in the formation of nano-sized materials having hyper-crosslinked CD called as NSs, and help to transform liquid substances into solid, giving the required result of masking of taste [15]. The formulation aspect for beta-CD NS is a relatively simple process and there are relatively multiple modifications that are possible (Fig. 1)
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