Abstract
The United States is the world leader in incarceration. Prior to the Wars on Drugs and Crime, the incarceration rate was fairly stable, vacillating at almost 80 per 100,000 (Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 2008; Blumstein & Cohen, 1973). Now, with close to 2.3 million Americans behind bars, and another 5 million under community supervision, roughly 1 per cent of the adult population is incarcerated (West & Sabol, 2009; Glaze, 2010; Guerino, Harrison, & Sabol, 2011; Pew Center on the States, 2008). Research shows that the most disadvantaged members of society have the highest risk of spending time in prison. One in nine African American men is imprisoned, and over a third of young, Black, male high-school dropouts are in prison or jail on any given day (Pettit & Western, 2004; Western & Pettit, 2010; Pettit, 2012).
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