The art of aortic valve repair

Abstract

Central MessageSurgeons must understand principles of aortic root repair; consider the aortic valve, root, and components as a unit; and observe many repairs to learn the art of successful repair.See Commentaries on pages 126 and 128. Surgeons must understand principles of aortic root repair; consider the aortic valve, root, and components as a unit; and observe many repairs to learn the art of successful repair. See Commentaries on pages 126 and 128. In cardiac surgery, as with many endeavors, there is a point to which science can take you, and then art—namely observation, hands-on skill, craft, imagination, and mental imputation—must take over. And so it is with aortic valve repairs. Certainly, there are some important physics principles to note: (1) the greater the contact area of leaflet to leaflet apposition, the less leakage; (2) according to Poiseuille equation, small changes in the diameter of an orifice lead to large gradient increases by radius to the fourth power; (3) the longer the leaflets, the greater likelihood of turbulence and gradients (ie, increased shear over a longer distance at the boundary layer disrupting laminar flow); (4) tension and the risk of leaflet tear or perforation are increased with less apposition of leaflets to relieve linear edge stress; (5) greater leaflet height increases the contact area of apposition without sacrificing orifice area; and (6) there is increased stasis and likelihood of clot formation (Virchow's triad) with sinuses that are too deep, particularly with added pericardium. Based on these principles, usually with aortic valve repair, regurgitation is less with increasing pressure load on the leaflets when coming off pump compared with mitral valve repair, in which case worsening of regurgitation occurs. There is no shortcut to successful aortic valve repairs. It is a matter of observation, experience, and time “spent” on the learning curve to understand what a normal tricuspid leaflet valve should look like, and for bicuspid valves, what works. After performing well over 1000 aortic valve repairs, reimplantations, and remodelings, I am convinced that achieving a competent and nonstenotic aortic valve is more art than science.1Zeeshan A. Idrees J.J. Johnston D.R. Rajeswaran J. Roselli E.E. Soltesz E.G. et al.Durability of aortic valve cusp repair with and without annular support.Ann Thorac Surg. 2018; 105: 739-748Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar, 2Svensson L.G. Deglurkar I. Ung J. Pettersson G. Gillinov A.M. D'Agostino R.S. et al.Aortic valve repair and root preservation by remodeling, reimplantation, and tailoring: technical aspects and early outcome.J Card Surg. 2007; 22: 473-479Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar, 3Svensson L.G. Blackstone E.H. Alsalihi M. Batizy L.H. Roselli E.E. McCullough R. et al.Midterm results of David reimplantation in patients with connective tissue disorder.Ann Thorac Surg. 2013; 95: 555-562Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar, 4Svensson L.G. Batizy L.H. Blackstone E.H. Gillinov A.M. Moon M.C. D'Agostino R.S. et al.Results of matching valve and root repair to aortic valve and root pathology.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011; 142: 1491-1498.e7Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar, 5Svensson L.G. Cooper M. Batizy L.H. Nowicki E.R. Simplified David reimplantation with reduction of anular size and creation of artificial sinuses.Ann Thorac Surg. 2010; 89: 1443-1447Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (23) Google Scholar, 6Svensson L.G. Sizing for modified David's reimplantation procedure.Ann Thorac Surg. 2003; 76: 1751-1753Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar Measurements are of little value when, for example, the tying suture sequence during reimplantation changes the geometry of the leaflets. Critical to a successful repair is considering the aortic valve, the root, and its components as a unit to obtain early and late competence. Thus, all components of the CLASS schema (commissures, leaflets, anulus, sinuses, and sinutubular junction) need to function in concert for a successful repair (Table 1). This helps determine the appropriate technique to use (Table 2).Table 1CLASS schemaCCommissuresLLeafletsAAnulusSSinusesSSinutubular junction Open table in a new tab Table 2Assessment of the valve unitAssessmentPossible solutionsCommissuresHeight, orientation, apposition, tears, fusionFigure-of-8,∗Used most commonly for repairs. Cabrol stitch,†For a large anulus, either bicuspid- or trileaflet-associated valve, and no reimplantation. tissue excision‡For an ideal unicuspid valve that can be turned into a bicuspid valve.LeafletsTears, perforations, prolapse, incomplete fusion, thickness, edge, noduli of Aranti, cupping depthRepairs, Trussler stitch, running edge,§This can be used to try to reduce late prolapse in the thicker bicuspid valve leaflets, in combination with tying the suture around a Hegar dilator. suture plication, shavingAnulusSize (eg, CT area, diameter, radius, concentricity); subanular stenosis/LVOT obstructionAnular reduction with a Hegar dilator, bracing, myectomy, rarely anular enlargement for repairSinusesBoth native and artificial with reimplantation or remodelingDivision of raphe,ǁThis should be a deep cut to free up the body of the conjoint leaflet. rarely patch, create new sinuses with reimplantationSinutubular junctionSplayed or narrow? Will figure-of-8 stitch be accommodated?Narrow with reimplantation, splay with bicuspid remodeling, tailor or smaller for tricuspid valve repairsCT, Computed tomography; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract.∗ Used most commonly for repairs.† For a large anulus, either bicuspid- or trileaflet-associated valve, and no reimplantation.‡ For an ideal unicuspid valve that can be turned into a bicuspid valve.§ This can be used to try to reduce late prolapse in the thicker bicuspid valve leaflets, in combination with tying the suture around a Hegar dilator.ǁ This should be a deep cut to free up the body of the conjoint leaflet. Open table in a new tab CT, Computed tomography; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract. There are some basic leaflet repair techniques that can be used in 90% of cases with great success (Figures 1 and 2, A and B),1Zeeshan A. Idrees J.J. Johnston D.R. Rajeswaran J. Roselli E.E. Soltesz E.G. et al.Durability of aortic valve cusp repair with and without annular support.Ann Thorac Surg. 2018; 105: 739-748Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar some of which a historic innovations, including Cabrol sutures, commissure apposition stitches, Trussler stitches, and running polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sutures on the leading cusp edge, a technique that may reduce late leaflet prolapse.7Mokashi S.A. Rosinski B.F. Desai M.Y. Griffin B.P. Hammer D.F. Kalahasti V. et al.Aortic root replacement with bicuspid valve reimplantation: are outcomes and valve durability comparable to those of tricuspid valve reimplantation?.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. May 11, 2020; ([Epub ahead of print])Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar Cabrol described placing stitches at the base of the commissure to increase apposition of leaflets.8Cabrol C. Cabrol A. Guiraudon G. Bertrand M. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1966; 59 ([in French]): 1305-1312PubMed Google Scholar This typically works well for bicuspid valves, but not for trileaflet valves; however, the surgeon must be careful not to place the stitches too low and thereby create stenosis or turbulence. Furthermore, in the long term, these sutures can result in clot deposition, fibrous formation, stenosis, and calcification. During remodeling, the beveled graft can be sewn to these sutures to brace the anulus instead of placing a circumferential brace, such as with PTFE sutures, felt, or one of the newer materials/devices. I find that use of the PTFE suture as a left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) circumferential suture increases the risk of pacemakers; the only late failure that I have experienced with this suture resulted in a LVOT membrane and stenosis.Figure 2A, Newer techniques for aortic valve repair, the first of which involves placing figure-of-8 suspension sutures at the leading edge of the cusps. Cabrol commissuroplasty showing 2 commissural stitches (pledgeted and commissural approximation) and central plication (Reproduced with permission from Zeeshan and colleagues.1Zeeshan A. Idrees J.J. Johnston D.R. Rajeswaran J. Roselli E.E. Soltesz E.G. et al.Durability of aortic valve cusp repair with and without annular support.Ann Thorac Surg. 2018; 105: 739-748Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar). B, Intraoperative photographs of bicuspid repairs with Cabrol, plication, leaflet edge, and figure-of-8 sutures. Note the use of a Hegar dilator to ensure that no stenosis is created.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT) The Trussler stitch is used to shorten the edge of a leaflet at a commissure. A suture is woven through the leaflet edge near the commissure and then tied to shorten the length. It is an alternative to mid-leaflet plication, but I rarely use it, because I find that the tension on the sutures sometimes results in leading-edge tears at the commissures. Plication of the leaflet has better durability if leaflets are prolapsing or for an incomplete fusion. In addition, resection and suture leaflets carries a greater risk of leakage through the suture line and of late failure. If after placing figure-of-8 sutures, trileaflet valve prolapse remains, I use a mid-leaflet plication stitch. For prolapse, a 1-mm plication with a horizontal mattress suture is often all that is needed (see below). As with mitral valve repairs, the less done the better in many cases. For incomplete fusions, I first do a running 2-layer polyester stitch for strength to get the approximate symmetrical orientation for a bicuspid valve and then finish the repair with a horizontal mattress suture to get the best possible symmetry without any prolapse when testing with 2 forceps (Figure 2, B). This is further improved by figure-of-8 adjusting sutures. Running PTFE sutures along the leaflet edge should be used with care but may improve long-term durability of particularly long bicuspid valve leaflets. Usually, the leaflet edge in bicuspid valves is a little thickened and will hold sutures; however, if the leaflet tissue is thin and reliance is placed on this suture to “suspend” the leaflet edge, it may tear out. I tie the suture outside the aorta, do both leaflets, and use it in combination with figure-of-8 sutures tied down around a Hegar dilator of at least 21 mm (Figure 2, B). Having been of the conviction that placing commissures at a higher level would correct and compensate for prolapse, I initially went through a period where I cut the commissures free, closed the gap outside of the freed commissures, and then reimplanted the commissures in a tube graft at a higher level (Figure 3).9Svensson L.G. Al Kindi A.H. Vivacqua A. Pettersson G.B. Gillinov A.M. Mihaljevic T. et al.Long-term durability of bicuspid aortic valve repair.Ann Thorac Surg. 2014; 97: 1539-1548Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar In approximately 10 patients, this worked very well in obtaining a competent valve without stenosis; however, as this was often for thinned dilated roots, with tension on suture lines, bleeding from the suture lines had to be carefully controlled. Nevertheless, I am not aware of any patient requiring reoperation. For patients who do not need their valves lifted as much, the alternative is to place a PTFE stitch over and over at the leading edge of the leaflets near the commissures. This better opposes them and provides more strength in terms of leaflet tearing compared with the Trussler stitch. I then suspend the sutures 3 to 4 mm higher and tie them on the outside, about 3 to 4 mm apart (Figure 2).1Zeeshan A. Idrees J.J. Johnston D.R. Rajeswaran J. Roselli E.E. Soltesz E.G. et al.Durability of aortic valve cusp repair with and without annular support.Ann Thorac Surg. 2018; 105: 739-748Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar The PTFE may provide some elasticity in absorbing the pressure load of the returning diastolic pressure wave. I use this routinely for bicuspid valve repairs (Figure 2)1Zeeshan A. Idrees J.J. Johnston D.R. Rajeswaran J. Roselli E.E. Soltesz E.G. et al.Durability of aortic valve cusp repair with and without annular support.Ann Thorac Surg. 2018; 105: 739-748Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar and trileaflet repairs (Figure 4, arrows), isolated repairs with an ascending tube graft, remodeling, and reimplantation of trileaflet or bicuspid valves if there is asymmetry with prolapse. Apart from raising the level of the commissures, this technique can be used to move a commissure in an opposite direction to a prolapsing leaflet and increase tension of the prolapsing leading edge. Of note, these sutures rarely need more than 1 to 3 mm of adjustment of the leaflet edge. Initially, in my early experience with the modification of the David reimplantation operation (Figure 5),7Mokashi S.A. Rosinski B.F. Desai M.Y. Griffin B.P. Hammer D.F. Kalahasti V. et al.Aortic root replacement with bicuspid valve reimplantation: are outcomes and valve durability comparable to those of tricuspid valve reimplantation?.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. May 11, 2020; ([Epub ahead of print])Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar using pledgets in the LVOT tract and a Hegar dilator to reduce the anulus to a normalized valve for body surface area diameter, roughly 1 in 4 patients needed additional leaflet repairs, mostly with figure-of-8 sutures.2Svensson L.G. Deglurkar I. Ung J. Pettersson G. Gillinov A.M. D'Agostino R.S. et al.Aortic valve repair and root preservation by remodeling, reimplantation, and tailoring: technical aspects and early outcome.J Card Surg. 2007; 22: 473-479Crossref PubMed Scopus (49) Google Scholar, 3Svensson L.G. Blackstone E.H. Alsalihi M. Batizy L.H. Roselli E.E. McCullough R. et al.Midterm results of David reimplantation in patients with connective tissue disorder.Ann Thorac Surg. 2013; 95: 555-562Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (33) Google Scholar, 4Svensson L.G. Batizy L.H. Blackstone E.H. Gillinov A.M. Moon M.C. D'Agostino R.S. et al.Results of matching valve and root repair to aortic valve and root pathology.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011; 142: 1491-1498.e7Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar However, as our experience has continued, having performed 1113 reimplantations as of December 2020, I rarely need to place figure-of-8 sutures or do plications. Leaflet prolapse, particularly of the right cusp, usually can be adjusted by moving the commissure away from the prolapsing leaflet to improve suspension of the leaflet.Figure 5Steps in modified reimplantation with pledgeted sutures, a Hegar dilator for normal body surface area anular size (not shown), and completion of reimplantation/repair.(Reproduced with permission from Mokashi and colleagues.7Mokashi S.A. Rosinski B.F. Desai M.Y. Griffin B.P. Hammer D.F. Kalahasti V. et al.Aortic root replacement with bicuspid valve reimplantation: are outcomes and valve durability comparable to those of tricuspid valve reimplantation?.J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. May 11, 2020; ([Epub ahead of print])Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar)View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT) In 2014, we reported on 728 bicuspid aortic valve repairs with 91% freedom from reoperation at 10 years,9Svensson L.G. Al Kindi A.H. Vivacqua A. Pettersson G.B. Gillinov A.M. Mihaljevic T. et al.Long-term durability of bicuspid aortic valve repair.Ann Thorac Surg. 2014; 97: 1539-1548Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (73) Google Scholar but recent repairs using more modern techniques appeared to be holding up better. Similarly, in the large series of >1000 recent aortic valve repairs,1Zeeshan A. Idrees J.J. Johnston D.R. Rajeswaran J. Roselli E.E. Soltesz E.G. et al.Durability of aortic valve cusp repair with and without annular support.Ann Thorac Surg. 2018; 105: 739-748Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar bracing the root and using figure-of-8 sutures were associated with long-term durability. Note the many repair techniques used in attempts to achieve a durable repair (Figure 1). Nevertheless, a word of caution is needed. With appropriate selection of patients based on age and clinical findings, one should be “conservative” in doing repairs. Namely, the patient should be a good candidate for successful repair, with no calcification of the leaflets, no major perforations, and not more than 2 prolapsed leaflets. Furthermore, freedom from reoperation at 10 years after reimplantation with the techniques described has been 97% (Figure 6). The risk of death for elective reimplantation surgery is 0.17%. As of the end of 2020, we had completed a total of 4680 aortic valve repairs, of which 1430 were for bicuspid, unicuspid, or quadricuspid valve repairs performed at Cleveland Clinic. Although aortic valve repair can be tricky, by adhering to the principles and techniques described herein and observing the operation being done by seasoned experts, with experience, the art of aortic valve repair can be learned. The author reported no conflicts of interest. The Journal policy requires editors and reviewers to disclose conflicts of interest and to decline handling or reviewing manuscripts for which they may have a conflict of interest. The editors and reviewers of this article have no conflicts of interest. New horizons in aortic valve repairJTCVS TechniquesVol. 7PreviewWithin this issue of JTCVS Techniques is a special series of original articles focusing on aortic valve repair. More than 20 years ago, Toby Cosgrove of the Cleveland Clinic came to the University of Pennsylvania as a visiting professor, and I had the privilege of operating with him as he performed a bicuspid aortic valve repair via resection and reapproximation of the prolapsed fused left–right cusp margin and right-non and left-non commissuroplasties. I vividly recall this operation, drawing parallels to an inverted mitral valve repair. Full-Text PDF Open AccessCommentary: Aortic valve repair—from art to scienceJTCVS TechniquesVol. 7PreviewThe term “art” has been applied to much of what cardiac surgeons do. Indeed, the concept of art as it applies to surgery may be defined as an ability or skill that one develops with training and practice. It is a task involving creativity and imagination. It also implies that each product is its own unique creation, not easily reproducible, and thus difficult, if not impossible, to teach. Much of what may be mundane to an experienced surgeon may seem like art to the uninitiated observer, but yet when one distills the foundational principles that drive decision making, some unifying concepts emerge. Full-Text PDF Open AccessCommissural geometry and cusp fusion insights to guide bicuspid aortic valve repairJTCVS TechniquesVol. 7PreviewSimilar to the mitral valve, surgeons nowadays increasingly attempt to repair a regurgitant aortic valve due to its edge over prosthetic aortic valve replacement with better long-term survival, fewer thromboembolic events, and overall improved quality of life.1-6 This is facilitated by a better understanding of the aortic valve and its functional aortic annulus (FAA), basal ring to sinotubular junction (STJ), in addition to Gebrine el Khoury's application of Alain Carpentier's mitral valve principals to the aortic valve. Full-Text PDF Open AccessCommentary: Getting to the art of the matter with aortic valve repairJTCVS TechniquesVol. 7PreviewSurgical aortic valve replacement for aortic regurgitation using either a mechanical or bioprosthetic prosthesis is suboptimal due to the potential for structural degeneration and need for reoperation or the inherent risks of anticoagulation.1 Aortic valve repair represents an attractive alternative that preserves native valve function. However, owing to alterations to aortic root geometry and the aortic cusps that may be needed to achieve valve competency, this procedure is complex. The specific components of the valve and root apparatus to target for intervention often can be difficult to determine. Full-Text PDF Open Access