The area postrema of newborn swine is activated by hypercapnia: relevance to sudden infant death syndrome?

Abstract

This study was performed to investigate a role of the neonatal area postrema (AP) in the chemoreceptor response to hypercapnia which is defective in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). AP responses to CO 2 inhalation were monitored in 1 to 5 week old piglets by mapping neurons that were induced to express the c- fos gene product, Fos—a marker of functional activation. Interpretive confounds were minimized by controlling for hypoxia, the effects of surgical procedures and ambient environmental stressors on neuronal activity (c- fos expression). The AP demonstrated a powerful and reproducible response in neonatal swine breathing 10% CO 2 for 1 h. Intensely immunolabeled nuclei were detected throughout the longitudinal extent of the circumventricular organ, and were especially heavily concentrated at rostral levels proximal to obex. Quantitative analysis verified statistically significant increases in numbers of cells that were induced to express Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the AP of CO 2- stimulated piglets as compared to control groups. No detectable age-related differences were observed in AP response patterns. Conclusions. The AP responds to hypercapnic stress in the newborn piglet. A mature circumventricular organ response in the neonate may be crucial in defending against common environmental stressors, such as nicotine exposure—an emetic agent acting via the AP and a major risk factor in SIDS. Hence, a defect of the AP or its network may underlie a loss of state-dependent controls over cardiopulmonary reflex function in SIDS.