Abstract
Between the 3rd and 6th c. A.D., external threat and internal stress gave rise to a proliferation of fortifications in the south-west Balkans either side of the Adriatic-Aegean watershed, a region for centuries under the unified administration of Roman Macedonia. Recent studies have identified two phases in this process. The earlier was a centrally-directed programme of new military bases, urban and other fortifications based on the network of Roman roads. The second followed the division between East and West, when the region became an uncontrolled border zone, and many sought safety in fortified upland settlements within a network of tracks and paths that replaced the earlier roads.
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