Abstract
Anthocyanin accumulation specifically depends on sucrose (Suc) signaling/levels. However, the gene cascades specifically involved in the Suc signaling/level-mediated anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway are still unknown. Arabidopsis ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3), a transcription coactivator, is involved in the regulation of leaf shape and drought tolerance. Recently, an AN3-CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 gene cascade has been reported to regulate the light signaling-mediated anthocyanin accumulation. Target gene analysis indicates that AN3 is associated with the YODA (YDA) promoter, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, in vivo for inducing anthocyanin accumulation. Indeed, loss-of-function mutants of YDA showed significantly increased anthocyanin accumulation. YDA mutation can also suppress the decrease in an3-4 anthocyanin accumulation. Further analysis indicates that the mutations of AN3 and YDA disrupt the normal Suc levels because of the changes of invertase activity in mutants of an3 or yda, which in turn induces the alterations of anthocyanin accumulation in mutants of an3 or yda via unknown regulatory mechanisms.
Highlights
Anthocyanins are a class of flavonoids widely found in plants and are responsible for plant colouration (Winkel-Shirley, 2001; Gould et al, 2002)
Lower and higher anthocyanin accumulations were observed in an3 and yda mutants, respectively
Arabidopsis AN3 has been reported to be a positive regulator of anthocyanin accumulation (Meng, 2015), and Arabidopsis AN3-YDA has been reported to form the gene cascade for the regulation of drought tolerance (Meng and Yao, 2015)
Summary
Anthocyanins are a class of flavonoids widely found in plants and are responsible for plant colouration (Winkel-Shirley, 2001; Gould et al, 2002). Anthocyanin biosynthesis has been diffusely investigated in plants (Gou et al, 2011; Meng, 2015). For example, Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress), Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) and Petunia hybrida (petunia), early biosynthesis genes (EBGs), including chalcone isomerase (CHI), chalcone synthase, flavonoid 3 -hydroxylase (F3 H) and flavanone 3-hydroxylase, can be induced early compared with late biosynthesis genes (LBGs), including leucoanthocyanidin oxygenase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, UDP-glucose, and anthocyanidin reductase (Meng, 2015). Anthocyanin biosynthesis has been widely affected by biotic and abiotic factors (Yokawa et al, 2014). Phytohormones, for example, gibberellins (Weiss et al, 1995), abscisic acid and auxin (Jeong et al, 2004; Hoth et al, 2010), jasmonates (Qi et al, 2011), cytokinin (Deikman and Hammer, 1995)
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