The application of virtual reality and augmented reality in Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Ashraf Ayoub,Yeshwanth Pulijala

doi:10.1186/s12903-019-0937-8

Abstract

BackgroundVirtual reality is the science of creating a virtual environment for the assessment of various anatomical regions of the body for the diagnosis, planning and surgical training. Augmented reality is the superimposition of a 3D real environment specific to individual patient onto the surgical filed using semi-transparent glasses to augment the virtual scene.. The aim of this study is to provide an over view of the literature on the application of virtual and augmented reality in oral & maxillofacial surgery.MethodsWe reviewed the literature and the existing database using Ovid MEDLINE search, Cochran Library and PubMed. All the studies in the English literature in the last 10 years, from 2009 to 2019 were included.ResultsWe identified 101 articles related the broad application of virtual reality in oral & maxillofacial surgery. These included the following: Eight systematic reviews, 4 expert reviews, 9 case reports, 5 retrospective surveys, 2 historical perspectives, 13 manuscripts on virtual education and training, 5 on haptic technology, 4 on augmented reality, 10 on image fusion, 41 articles on the prediction planning for orthognathic surgery and maxillofacial reconstruction. Dental implantology and orthognathic surgery are the most frequent applications of virtual reality and augmented reality. Virtual planning improved the accuracy of inserting dental implants using either a statistic guidance or dynamic navigation. In orthognathic surgery, prediction planning and intraoperative navigation are the main applications of virtual reality. Virtual reality has been utilised to improve the delivery of education and the quality of training in oral & maxillofacial surgery by creating a virtual environment of the surgical procedure. Haptic feedback provided an additional immersive reality to improve manual dexterity and improve clinical training.ConclusionVirtual and augmented reality have contributed to the planning of maxillofacial procedures and surgery training. Few articles highlighted the importance of this technology in improving the quality of patients’ care. There are limited prospective randomized studies comparing the impact of virtual reality with the standard methods in delivering oral surgery education.

Highlights

Virtual reality is the science of creating a virtual environment for the assessment of various anatomical regions of the body for the diagnosis, planning and surgical training
We identified 101 articles related the broad application of virtual reality in dentistry and oral & maxillofacial surgery
Clinical application Technological advances in virtual and augmented reality are enabling the application of the methods in dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery is the primary area of application, dental implantology and orthognathic surgery are the most frequent application [14]

Summary

Introduction

Virtual reality is the science of creating a virtual environment for the assessment of various anatomical regions of the body for the diagnosis, planning and surgical training. Augmented reality is the superimposition of a 3D real environment specific to individual patient onto the surgical filed using semi-transparent glasses to augment the virtual scene. Virtual reality “near reality” is the art and science of creating a virtual environment that provides a standardized, safe and flexible platforms for the assessment of various anatomical regions of the body for examination, diagnosis, planning and for the surgical training. To achieve this objective the user of this technology should be exposed to a realistic multidimensional visual stimulus. The integrated image is superimposed on the real environment using semi-transparent glass [2]

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