Abstract
The problem of treating viral infections is extremely relevant due to both the emergence of new viral diseases and to the low effectiveness of existing approaches to the treatment of known viral infections. This review focuses on the application of porphyrin, chlorin, and phthalocyanine series for combating viral infections by chemical and photochemical inactivation methods. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize the main approaches developed to date in the chemical and photodynamic inactivation of human and animal viruses using porphyrins and their analogues and to analyze and discuss the information on viral targets and antiviral activity of porphyrins, chlorins, of their conjugates with organic/inorganic compounds obtained in the last 10–15 years in order to identify the most promising areas.
Highlights
Over the past decades, the onset of epidemics and pandemics caused by SARS viruses (SARS-CoV, 2002–2003), swine flu (H1N1, 2009–2010), bird flu (H7N9, 2013), the Middle East virus (MERS-CoV2013–2015), the Ebola virus (2014–2015), and the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus conditioned the need to consider a healthcare system as a public sector organizing and protecting the health of the population of a particular country and as a global international task
The proposed review will consider the main achievements over the past few years in the search for alternative therapeutic approaches and of the drugs based on porphyrins and their analogues (P&A) for the treatment of viral infections
The most active compounds were sulfonated tetranaphthyl-porphyrin, sulfonated tetraanthracenyl-porphyrin and sulfonated 2,6-difluoromesotetraphenylporphine and its copper complex. Their antiviral activity was 99%, 96%, 94%, and 96%, respectively. Such a high virucidal activity, according to the authors of [13], is due to the linking of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 gp120 with porphyrins and their analogues, and this reaction completely inhibits the ability of Env proteins to induce cell fusion with the receptors of CD4 host cells
Summary
The onset of epidemics and pandemics caused by SARS viruses (SARS-CoV, 2002–2003), swine flu (H1N1, 2009–2010), bird flu (H7N9, 2013), the Middle East virus The or proteins of the causes the the exposure of the fusionviral peptide and its insertion into theThus, membrane of the target cellgp120 most important andthe critical sinceand if they are damaged or linked, further propagation of the or gp virus are mosttargets, important critical since ifstructure they are damaged linked, in a triple-stranded coiled-coil; and (E) formation of atargets, helical hairpin in which gp or folds Among porphyrins and their analogues, several very promising further of the with virusthe becomes backpropagation on itself is coincident membrane fusion [9].impossible. Thisreceptor is followed by3)the does to notthe allow the of protein bind to the(Figure host cell [11].stage of internalization of the virus into the host cell; the latter ensures the fusion of the cell membranes of the virus and the host due to the gp viral transmembrane protein.
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