Abstract
The synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide (CO2) and epoxides is a 100% atom economical reaction and an attractive pathway for CO2 utilisation. Because CO2 is a thermodynamically stable molecule, the use of catalysts is mandatory in reducing the activation energy of the CO2 conversion. Considering environmental compatibility and the high-efficiency catalytic conversion of CO2, there is the strong need to develop green catalysts. Biomass-based catalysts, a type of renewable resource, have attracted considerable attention due to their unique properties—non-toxic, low-cost, pollution-free, etc. In this review, recent advances in the development of biomass-based catalysts for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates by CO2 and epoxides coupling are summarized and discussed in detail. The effect of biomass-based catalysts, functional groups, reaction conditions, and co-catalysts on the catalytic efficiency and selectivity of synthesizing cyclic carbonates process is discussed. We intend to provide a comprehensive understanding of recent experimental and theoretical progress of CO2 and epoxides coupling reaction and pave the way for both CO2 conversion and biomass unitization.
Highlights
The burning of carbonaceous fuel and intense human activities have caused a sharp increase in CO2 emissions more than 35 gigatonnes per year [1]
In order to overcome the shortage of harsh reaction conditions and low TOF, some functionalized biomass-based catalysts and biomass-derived porous carbon catalysts have been designed and applied in the chemical fixation and conversion of CO2
Despite impressive progress in biomass-based catalysts, there are still issues that need to be resolved for sustainable development of cycloaddition catalysts
Summary
The burning of carbonaceous fuel and intense human activities have caused a sharp increase in CO2 emissions more than 35 gigatonnes per year [1]. Biomass arethe usually rich in of hydroxyl groups;biomass-based previous researches have that second stagematerials focused on development functionalized catalysts It isshown important hydrogen-bond (HBD)materials such as cellulose, chitosan, phenol-based compounds, to recognize thatdonors the biomass have a limited amount of reactive sites, most amino of themalcohol, Lewis and amino acid can promote the and epoxides coupling reaction by activation of the epoxide [6]. The coupling reaction of CO2 and epoxides needs Lewis acid centers to activate the epoxides, and Lewis base centers to activate CO2 to accelerate the CO2 conversion To solve this problem, some basic groups (i.e., ionic liquid, organic amine, and Schiff-base) have been introduced into the biomass materials [40]. We present a summary and discussion of the development of biomass-based catalysts for direct synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2
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