Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone neoplasm prevalent in adolescents. Current therapies include chemotherapy and surgery. Surgical resection of osteosarcoma induces a large bone defect which may be overcome by employing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. This review details the polymers and bioceramics that may be used to fabricate 3D printed scaffolds for bone regeneration and the nanotechnology strategies that may be incorporated into such scaffolds. Natural polymers discussed include chitosan, alginate, collagen, gelatin, and silk fibroin. Synthetic polymers discussed include polycaprolactone, polyurethane, poly(lactic)acid and poly(vinyl) alcohol. Bioceramics that are utilized in bone regeneration such as calcium phosphate, calcium silicate and bioglass are elaborated on. Furthermore, comparison data between different types of 3D printed scaffolds for bone regeneration are presented. A discussion on Photo-responsive and magneto-responsive 3D printed scaffolds that have been fabricated for bone regeneration is included. Research concerning drug-loaded scaffolds as well as the incorporation of nanocarriers into scaffolds for bone regeneration is provided. Chemotherapy utilized in osteosarcoma therapy has severe adverse effects due to being non-selective between healthy cells and tumor cells. A possible way to overcome this is to utilize nanotechnology. Therefore, research detailing other types of nanocarriers that have the potential to be incorporated into 3D printed scaffolds for localized adjuvant therapy is presented.
Highlights
Osteosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of which there is osteoid formation by tumor cells (Heck and Toy, 2017)
Osteosarcoma may arise from certain predisposing factors such as Paget’s disease, exposure to radiation, chemotherapy, genetics as well as foreign bodies inserted into bone such as orthopedic implants
In vitro studies conducted with the 3D printed scaffolds coated in bone dECM demonstrated excellent cell seeding, proliferation and differentiation
Summary
Osteosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of which there is osteoid formation by tumor cells (Heck and Toy, 2017). 3D-Printing and Nanotechnology: Osteosarcoma Treatment as curvature, pore size and shape need to be carefully controlled to enhance mechanical strength and cellular responses for effective bone tissue regeneration. Based on the values provided above for cortical and cancellous bone regeneration, further improvements have to be made to enhance the mechanical strength of alginate scaffolds to facilitate implantation at load-bearing sites.
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