The applicability of automated marine clay gully delineation using deep learning in Norway

Abstract

AbstractGullies and ravines are common landforms in raised marine fine‐grained deposits in Norway. Gullies in marine clay are significant landforms indicative of soil erosion and natural hazards and are of high conservation value. As a result of the substantial impact of human intervention over the past century, marine clay gullies are now red‐listed. To monitor the condition of these landforms, we need to improve our understanding of their spatial extent, complexity and morphology. We explore the applicability of automated approaches that use a methodology of combining deep learning (DL), fully convolutional neural networks (FCNNs) and an unmodified U‐Net model with ArcPy libraries and ground truth data to derive a high‐resolution map of gullies in raised marine fine‐grained deposits. Predictors used comprise solely terrain derivatives to broaden the usage of the pre‐trained model to other regions. Our best model achieved a precision score of 0.82 and a recall of 0.75. We find that our pre‐trained model can successfully predict gullies, also in blind‐test areas. The model performs better in regions with similar geological settings, scoring a length‐weighted overlap of >70% with reference datasets. The novelty of this study is that we demonstrate that the model's applicability for mapping routines increases when we post‐process the predictions by eliminating noise, especially by using the predictions derived from ensembled models. We, therefore, conclude that the pre‐trained models can effectively be used to supplement the geomorphological mapping of marine clay gullies in Norway. The outcome of this research contributes towards mapping the spatial extent and condition of red‐listed landforms in Norway, as well as the development of monitoring systems for future landscape change.