The Apamin-Sensitive Ca2+-Dependent K+ Channel. Molecular Properties, Differentiation, and Endogeneous Ligands in Mammalian Brain

Abstract

Apamin is a bee venom neurotoxin of 10 amino acids containing two disulphide bridges. Current-clamp and voltage-clamp experiments have shown that apamin externally applied blocks specifically at low concentration (0.1 microM) the Ca2+-dependent slow K+ conductance which mediates the long-lasting after-hyperpolarization in neuroblastoma cells and rat muscle cells in culture. The apamin-sensitive Ca2+-dependent slow K+ conductance is voltage-dependent and tetraethylamonium-insensitive. It is distinct from the high conductance Ca+-dependent K+ channel revealed by patch-clamp experiments. Biochemical characterization of the apamin receptor in rat striated muscle, neuroblastoma cells, rat synaptosomes, smooth muscles and hepatocytes was carried out with the use of a radiolabelled monoiodo-apamin derivative (125I-apamin) of high specific radioactivity (2000 Ci/mmol). The dissociation constant of the apamin-receptor complex is between 15 and 60 pM for all tissue preparations. The density of binding sites is very low: between 1 and 40 fmol/mg of protein. Radiation-inactivation analysis indicates a molecular mass for the apamin receptor of 250 000 Da whereas affinity labelling with 125I-apamin results in covalent labelling of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of about 30 000 Da. Autoradiography of 125I-apamin binding sites reveals the presence of Ca2+-activated K+ channels in many regions of the brain. There is an all-or-none control of the expression of the apamin-sensitive Ca2+-dependent K+ channel by innervation in mammalian skeletal muscle. There exists an endogenous equivalent of apamin in rat brain.