Abstract
Plumeria rubra Linn of the family Apocynaceae is locally known in Malaysia as “Kemboja”. It has been used by local traditional medicine practitioners for the treatment of arthritis-related disease. The LCMS/MS analysis of the methanol extract of flowers (PR-ME) showed that it contains 3-O-caffeyolquinic acid, 5-caffeoquinic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, citric acid, 3,3-di-O-methylellagic acid, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-rutinoside, kaempferol, quercetin 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside, quercetin, quinic acid and rutin. The flower PR-ME contained high amounts of phenol and flavonoid at 184.632 mg GAE/g and 203.2.2 mg QE/g, respectively. It also exhibited the highest DPPH, FRAP, metal chelating, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide superoxide radical scavenging activity. Similarly, the XO inhibitory activity in vitro assay possesses the highest inhibition effects at an IC50 = 23.91 μg/mL. There was no mortality or signs of toxicity in rats at a dose of 4 g/kg body weight. The administration of the flower PR-ME at doses of 400 mg/kg to the rats significantly reduced serum uric acid 43.77%. Similarly, the XO activity in the liver was significantly inhibited by flower PR-ME at doses of 400 mg/kg. These results confirm that the flower PR-ME of P. rubra contains active phytochemical compounds as detected in LCMS/MS that contribute to the inhibition of XO activity in vitro and in vivo in reducing acid uric level in serum and simultaneously scavenging the free radical to reduce the oxidative stress.
Highlights
Gout is a hyperuricemia, due to the elevated uric acid above the normal level leading to the formation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals within joints and subcutaneous tissues which is associated to the development of painful attacks of gouty arthritis [1]
The data are representative of six animals and expressed as mean ± S.E. with a p < 0.05 when compared to normal (N) group, b p < 0.05 significance when compared to the hyperuricemic gout significant when compared to normal (N) group, b p < 0.05 significance when compared to control (GC) group, c p < 0.05 significance when compared to the allopurinol (AP) group
gout control (GC): Gout control induced with Potassium oxonate (PO), HT: Hyperuricemic rats dosed with high dose (400 mg/kg) P. rubra extract, LT: Hyperuricemic rats dosed with low dose (200 mg/kg) P. rubra extract, AP: Hyperuricemic rats dosed with 10 mg/kg allopurinol
Summary
Due to the elevated uric acid above the normal level leading to the formation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals within joints and subcutaneous tissues which is associated to the development of painful attacks of gouty arthritis [1]. Some bioactive compounds possess the ability to inhibit the activity of XO that leads to a decrease in uric acid levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production This will help to reduce inflammation, hyperuricemia and antioxidative effects. Flavonoids have been reported to Numerous studies aiming to develop an alternative medicine for the treatment of hyperuricemia and possess the ability to act as active inhibitors of XO [5]. They act as free radical scavengers by gout have focused on plant natural phytochemicals without adverse side effects. To evaluate the activity of flower extract of P. rubra as a XO inhibitor in an in vitro assay and in in vivo animal models for gout treatment
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