Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for the development of heart pathology. Myocardial infarction is the cause of death occurring after prolonged ischemia of the coronary arteries. Restoration of blood flow is the first intervention against heart attack, although the process of restoring blood flow to the ischemic myocardium could cause additional injury. This phenomenon, termed myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI-R) injury, is characterized by the formation of oxygen radicals. Pistachios have significant glucose- and insulin-lowering effects and can improve the inflammatory contest by downregulating both the expression and the circulating levels of several metabolic risk markers. The monocyte/macrophage cell line J774 was used to assess the extent of protection by natural raw (NP) and roasted salted (RP) pistachios against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. Moreover, antioxidant activity of NP and RP was assessed in an in vivo model of paw edema in rats induced by carrageenan (CAR) injection in the paw. This study evaluates the antioxidant properties of pistachios on the inflammatory process associated with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) in diabetic rats. Rats were pre-treated with either NP or RP pistachios (30 mg/kg) 18 h prior to the experimental procedure.Results: Here, we demonstrated that treatment with NP reduced myocardial tissue injury, neutrophil infiltration, adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, P-selectin) expression, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) production, nitrotyrosine and PAR formation, NF-κB expression and apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2) activation. This data clearly showes modulation of the inflammatory process, associated with MI-R injury, following administration of pistachios.
Highlights
Heart physiology suffers from the occurrence of risk factors such as hypertension and dysmetabolic syndromes, which may aggravate concomitant heart insults
In this study we demonstrated that treatment with pistachios reduced the inflammatory process related to myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in diabetic rats
The higher effect observed with natural raw (NP) vs. roasted salted (RP) could be ascribed to the concentration and distribution of polyphenolic compounds, as previously reported (Mandalari et al, 2013)
Summary
Heart physiology suffers from the occurrence of risk factors such as hypertension and dysmetabolic syndromes, which may aggravate concomitant heart insults. Diabetes is an important risks for development of heart pathologies It is a cause of vascular and cardiac dysfunction itself, through formation of reactive-oxygen species (ROS) and can compromise other cardiovascular pathologies. Experimental studies have displayed that treatment with antioxidants reduces the vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress associated with experimental diabetes (Paterniti et al, 2017). Pistachios have the highest content of phytosterols, including stigmasterol, campesterol, and β-sitosterol (Ros, 2010). This full set of macronutrients and micronutrients means that pistachio nuts should have a positive effect on the inflammatory and oxidative state (Martorana et al, 2013). Clinical studies showed that antioxidants in pistachios raise blood levels of lutein, beta-carotene and gamma tocopherol
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