Abstract
p-(sulphooxy) Cinnamic acid was isolated as a natural product for the first time from the seagrass Zostera marina (eelgrass) and was found to prevent attachment of marine bacteria and barnacles to artificial surfaces at nontoxic concentrations. Analogous synthetic sulphate esters had similar antifouling properties, while the non-sulphated phenolic acid precursors were ineffective. The antifouling properties of phenolic acid sulphates are consistent with an emerging pattern of biological activity exhibited by other sulphate esters isolated from a variety of marine organisms, and their low toxicity offers promise for the development of environmentally benign antifouling agents to protect structures in aquatic environments.
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