Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an endocrine disease related to impaired/absent insulin signaling. Dietary habits can either promote or mitigate the onset and severity of T2DM. Diets rich in fruits and vegetables have been correlated with a decreased incidence of T2DM, apparently due to their high polyphenol content. Polyphenols are compounds of plant origin with several documented bioactivities related to health promotion. The present review describes the antidiabetic effects of polyphenols, specifically related to the secretion and effects of insulin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), an enteric hormone that stimulates postprandial insulin secretion. The evidence suggests that polyphenols from various sources stimulate L-cells to secrete GLP1, increase its half-life by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4), stimulate β-cells to secrete insulin and stimulate the peripheral response to insulin, increasing the overall effects of the GLP1-insulin axis. The glucose-lowering potential of polyphenols has been evidenced in various acute and chronic models of healthy and diabetic organisms. Some polyphenols appear to exert their effects similarly to pharmaceutical antidiabetics; thus, rigorous clinical trials are needed to fully validate this claim. The broad diversity of polyphenols has not allowed for entirely describing their mechanisms of action, but the evidence advocates for their regular consumption.
Highlights
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a non-communicable disease that is exceedingly common in modern societies
glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) secretion, but the most prominentrats, effect demonstrating that a 2 g/kg of body weight (BW) orally administered (p.o.) dose of the sweet y 3,4,5-triCQA (~650 pM), followed by the sweet potato extract (~500 pM) as compared to the contr potato extract stimulated GLP1 secretion after an intraperitoneal (i.p.) glucose load (2 g/kg·BW)
The polyphenols significantly inhibited dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) activity without altering DPP4 protein concentration, and a similar effect was observed when linagliptin was administered. These results demonstrate that DPP4 inhibition exerted by linagliptin or H. sabdariffa polyphenols, mitigates specific markers of insulin resistance (Ser307 phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates (IRS)-1) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, both of which contribute to the progressive loss of renal function that is characteristic of advanced T2DM
Summary
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a non-communicable disease that is exceedingly common in modern societies. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites of plant origin that are synthesized from L-phenylalanine or L-tyrosine through the phenylpropanoid pathway [9] They have at least one phenolic moiety as part of their main molecular skeleton, and their complexity and structural diversity extends from simple phenolic acids to highly complex polymerized tannins. Polyphenols are a highly active research discipline due to their ubiquity in edible plants and the accumulated data obtained in the last decades, which shows that they have striking effects on different aspects of human health. Since GLP1 stimulates the secretion of insulin (and prevents the release of glucagon), their effects are physiologically intertwined They are main molecular targets of antidiabetic medications, which highlights their role in all aspects of T2DM
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