The Antidepressant Desipramine and α2-Adrenergic Receptor Activation Promote Breast Tumor Progression in Association with Altered Collagen Structure

Abstract

Emotional stress activates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine to promote breast tumor pathogenesis. We demonstrate here that the metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma cell line 4T1 does not express functional adrenergic receptors (AR), the receptors activated by norepinephrine, yet stimulation of adrenergic receptor in vivo altered 4T1 tumor progression in vivo. Chronic treatment with the antidepressant desipramine (DMI) to inhibit norepinephrine reuptake increased 4T1 tumor growth but not metastasis. Treatment with a highly selective α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, dexmedetomidine (DEX), increased tumor growth and metastasis. Neither isoproterenol (ISO), a β-AR agonist, nor phenylephrine, an α1-AR agonist, altered tumor growth or metastasis. Neither DMI- nor DEX-induced tumor growth was associated with increased angiogenesis. In DMI-treated mice, tumor VEGF, IL-6, and the prometastatic chemokines RANTES, M-CSF, and MIP-2 were reduced. Tumor collagen microstructure was examined using second harmonic generation (SHG), a nonabsorptive optical scattering process to highlight fibrillar collagen. In DMI- and DEX-treated mice, but not ISO-treated mice, tumor SHG was significantly altered without changing fibrillar collagen content, as detected by immunofluorescence. These results demonstrate that α2-AR activation can promote tumor progression in the absence of direct sympathetic input to breast tumor cells. The results also suggest that SNS activation may regulate tumor progression through alterations in the extracellular matrix, with outcome dependent on the combination of adrenergic receptor activated. These results underscore the complexities underlying SNS regulation of breast tumor pathogenesis, and suggest that the therapeutic use of adrenergic receptor blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, and adrenergic receptor agonists must be approached cautiously in patients with breast cancer.