Abstract
Resistance against antibiotics mainly due to their misuse and overuse is an emerging health issue, worldwide. Antibiotics release active antibiotic residues in the environment during their production. Bacteria encounter these active antibiotic residues and the genes present in them; resultantly, they acquire resistance against antibiotics. The current study was conducted to determine the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains, isolated from hospital wastewater. Using standard procedures, bacterial resistance patterns against different classes of antibiotics were analysed and their species level identification was made. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the bacterial activity against antimicrobial agents. Clear zones were measured separately in millimeters around each disc. Five wastewater samples were collected from different drainage regions of hospitals situated in Multan. A total of 45 bacterial strains were isolated. Out of these 45 bacterial strains, 13 (29%) were found resistant against two or more than two classes of antibiotics. All the bacterial strains (100%) isolated from samples 2 and 3 were MDR. Twenty-five bacterial strains (55.5%) belonged to the Bacillus species and others belonged to Enterococcus species, Micrococcus species, Staphylococcus species, and Streptococcus species, respectively. The presence of resistant bacterial strains in hospital waste demands the availability of effectual treatment plants to treat the waste before it is disposed of into hospital waste lines.
Highlights
Lignocellulose is renewable natural source and major structural component of all plant substantial composed of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and a small amount of other material such as ash, pectin etc. in different degrees
One percent solution of each metal ion was prepared and various concentrations of each such as 0.14 %, 0.28 %, 0.42 %, 0.57 % and 0.71 % were used in experiments [21]. 2.8 Endoglucanase Assay Endoglucanase assay was performed according to protocol described by Mahmood et al, 2013 by using Carboxy Methyl Celluloase (CMC) as substrate and glucose as standard [20]
A sequence of designed experiments is used to get an optimal response in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) [25]. 3.1 Optimization of Growth Parameters for A. fumigatus Cultural conditions were optimized according to the experimental design given in table 1
Summary
Lignocellulose is renewable natural source and major structural component of all plant substantial composed of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and a small amount of other material such as ash, pectin etc. in different degrees. By biotransformation of lignocellulosic biomass including forestry residues, agricultural wastes, paper wastes etc. Various kinds of industrially important enzymes are produced with high yield in a cost effective manner besides energy demands of today’s era can be overwhelmed [2,3]. Among various kinds of cellulolytic enzymes produced from different microbes for bioconversion of industrial and agricultural wastes, cellulases are regarded more efficient to hydrolyze cellulose into glucose and other useful components [5]. Cellulases contribute to 8% of global industrial enzyme demands and have been available commercially for more than 30 years [6, 7]. Cellulases are used in food and feed stock, pharmaceuticals, biofuel production, waste management, genetic engineering, pulp and paper industry, textile industry and protoplast induction [8, 9]
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