The Anti-Melanogenesis Effect of 3,4-Dihydroxybenzalacetone through Downregulation of Melanosome Maturation and Transportation in B16F10 and Human Epidermal Melanocytes.

Yi-Jung Liu,Kuo-Chiang Wen,Chen-Yuan Chiu,Yueh-Hsiung Kuo,Hsiu-Mei Chiang,Jia-Ling Lyu

doi:10.3390/ijms22062823

Abstract

The biosynthesis pathway of melanin is a series of oxidative reactions that are catalyzed by melanin-related proteins, including tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2). Reagents or materials with antioxidative or free radical-scavenging activities may be candidates for anti-melanogenesis. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzalacetone (DBL) is a polyphenol isolated from fungi, such as Phellinus obliguus (Persoon) Pilat and P. linteus. In this study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of DBL on antioxidation and melanogenesis in murine melanoma cells (B16F10) and human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs). The results indicated that DBL scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals, and exhibited potent reducing power, indicating that it displays strong antioxidative activity. DBL also inhibited the expression of TYR, TRP-1, TRP-2, and microphthalmia-related transcription factor (MITF) in both the cells. In addition, DBL inhibited hyperpigmentation in B16F10 and HEMs by regulating the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA), v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β), and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. DBL not only shortened dendritic melanocytes but also inhibited premelanosome protein 17 (PMEL17) expression, slowing down the maturation of melanosome transportation. These results indicated that DBL promotes anti-melanogenesis by inhibiting the transportation of melanosomes. Therefore, DBL is a potent antioxidant and depigmenting agent that may be used in whitening cosmetics.

Highlights

This article is an open access articleMelanoblasts are derived from neural crest cells and are present in the skin, hair follicles, and eyeballs
To investigate the antioxidative effect of DBL, we examined its DPPH radical-scavenging activity, reducing capacity, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity
The results suggested that DBL exhibited strong antioxidative activity

Summary

Introduction

Melanoblasts are derived from neural crest cells and are present in the skin, hair follicles, and eyeballs. Melanoblasts differentiate into melanocytes and initiate melanin production. Differentiated melanocytes transfer mature melanosomes into the surrounding keratinocytes, followed by melanin synthesis [1,2]. The biosynthesis pathway of melanin is a series of oxidative processes that are catalyzed by melanogenesis-related distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons. Proteins, including tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinaserelated protein-2 (TRP-2). The initial tyrosine is hydroxylated by L-tyrosinase to L-3,4dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), which is oxidized to DOPA quinone. It is divided into two synthetic pathways: pheomelanin (a red–yellow soluble polymer), mediated via

Results

Discussion

Conclusion