Abstract
ObjectiveMilk can reduce intestinal tissue damage in colitis models, and protects infants against necrotizing enterocolitis. However, whether milk can decrease inflammation related to peri-implantitis and oral mucosal dehiscence remains unclear. We therefore investigated whether or not milk and fermented by-products have any anti-inflammatory effects on the cells of the oral cavity.Material and methodsHuman gingival fibroblasts and the human oral epithelial cell line HSC2 were exposed to pasteurized human milk, pasteurized cow’s milk, dairy products, and powdered milk. An inflammatory response was then provoked with IL1 and TNFα. The expression changes of IL1, IL6, and IL8 were detected by reverse transcriptase PCR and immunoassay.ResultsWe can report that pasteurized human milk and pasteurized cow’s milk as well as yoghurt, buttermilk, sour milk, whey, and powdered milk can lower the expression of inflammatory cytokines in gingival fibroblasts being stimulated by IL1 and TNFα. A similar anti-inflammatory response to pasteurized milk and dairy products was observed with the human oral epithelial cell line HSC2.ConclusionThese data suggest that pasteurized and powdered milk, as well as fermented dairy products, display an anti-inflammatory effect on oral fibroblasts and oral epithelial cells.Clinical relevanceOur in vitro findings provide the scientific basis to extend this research towards testing the anti-inflammatory effects of milk in a pre-clinical periodontitis and peri-implantitis model.
Highlights
Milk is produced by the mammary gland, and contains nutritional components for the growth and development of infants
Aqueous fractions of pooled yoghurt, sour milk, buttermilk, and whey each reduced the inflammatory response of gingival fibroblasts exposed to IL1 and TNFα
5% powdered milk from three independent manufacturers caused a substantial reduction of at least 70% in the inflammatory response of gingival fibroblasts exposed to IL1 and TNFα (Fig. 3)
Summary
Milk is produced by the mammary gland, and contains nutritional components for the growth and development of infants. Milk can reduce inflammation of the intestine, for example, necrotizing enterocolitis [1, 2]. Both human milk and cow’s milk lower tissue injury and even mortality in chemically induced endotoxemia models [3]. Further support for the antiinflammatory activity of milk is based on in vitro studies. Pre-term human milk suppresses TNFα-induced inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells [4], while casein hydrolysate and its peptide-enriched fractions reduce the inflammatory response in Caco-2 cells and porcine colonic explants [5].
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