Abstract
BackgroundInflammation is a common risk factor in the pathogenesis of conditions such as infections, arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and cancer. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used traditionally to treat inflammation and related disorders such as pain, arthritis and stomach aches in southern Africa led to the selection of 25 plant species used in this study.MethodsThe antioxidant activities of acetone extracts were determined by measuring the free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing ability, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were determined by measuring the inhibitory effect of the extracts on the activities of the pro-inflammatory enzyme, lipoxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase.ResultsExtracts of Peltophorum africanum had good antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 4.67 ± 0.31 μg/mL and 7.71 ± 0.36 μg/mL compared to that of the positive control ascorbic acid (2.92 ± 0.14 μg/mL and 13.57 ± 0.44 μg/mL), using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) methods, respectively. The metabolism of linoleic acid to leukotriene derivatives by 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) was also inhibited by the crude acetone extracts of Peltophorum africanum (IC50 = 12.42 μg/mL), Zanthoxylum capense (IC50 = 14.92 μg/mL) compared to the positive control quercetin (IC50 = 8.75 μg/mL). There was a poor correlation between the flavonoid content and 15-LOX inhibition by the extracts (R2 = 0.05), indicating that flavonoids are not involved in LOX inhibition. Extracts of Clausena anisata, at a concentration of 6.25 μg/mL inhibited nitric oxide production by RAW 264.7 macrophage cell lines in vitro by 96 %. The extracts of Zanthoxylum capense were the least cytotoxic (IC50 > 1000 μg/mL) when the extract toxicity was determined against Vero (African green Monkey) kidney cell lines.ConclusionSome plant species used traditionally to treat pain have reasonable anti-inflammatory activity and flavonoids are probably not involved in this process.
Highlights
Inflammation is a common risk factor in the pathogenesis of conditions such as infections, arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and cancer
This observation led to the discovery of acetyl salicylic acid, the active component of aspirin, a major anti-inflammatory drug widely used in clinical practice, along with many other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in current use [3]
The presence of reserve materials might account for the high yield of extract from the plant unlike the other plant species in the study, whose leaves could be dried when left open in the drying room for three days (Table 1)
Summary
Inflammation is a common risk factor in the pathogenesis of conditions such as infections, arthritis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and cancer. One of the earliest recorded approaches for treating inflammation and pain was the application of extracts from willow leaves by Celsius in 30 AD [2]. This observation led to the discovery of acetyl salicylic acid, the active component of aspirin, a major anti-inflammatory drug widely used in clinical practice, along with many other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in current use [3]. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly prescribed for treatment of pain and inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and Adebayo et al BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:159. Recent studies on Zingiber officinale, ginger, suggest that it might be as effective as some NSAIDs in the treatment of inflammation and related pain [7, 8]
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