The anthropogenic cycles of palladium in China during 2001–2020

Abstract

Palladium (Pd) is a strategic metal and can help reduce environmental pollution, especially from vehicle exhausts. China is the world's largest Pd consumer, but with very limited reserves. However, Pd anthropogenic cycles remain unclear in China. This study aims to uncover the dynamic Pd flows and stocks in China for the period of 2001–2020 by conducting dynamic material flow analysis. The results show that the demand for Pd had increased by 10 folds during the study period due to stricter vehicle emissions policies. Also, China mainly imported such resource from the United States, Western Europe, and East Asia, with a share of 88.8 %. However, due to insufficient end-of-life vehicle (ELV) recycling system, the total recycled Pd was only 12.3 tons although the end-of-life Pd flow increased from 3.7 tons in 2001 to 30.8 tons in 2020. This implies a great Pd recycling potential. Therefore, it is urgent to promote Pd recycling by establishing an effective Pd recycling system. In addition, other policy recommendations, such as diversifying Pd import partners, increasing Pd emergency reserves, and economic instruments, are raised by considering the Chinese realities so that the overall Pd resource efficiency can be improved.