The Anatomical Study of Superior and Middle Turbinates from Endoscopic Perspective

Abstract

Introduction: Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS) is a well-established tool for examining the nasal cavity and in observing the anatomic details. It is also helps in providing the local and medical therapy of infectious diseases of the paranasal sinuses. However, it requires considerable experience and expertise as many normal variations in the middle meatal anatomy have been reported. Aim: To study the relation between the middle and superior turbinates from the point of view of an endoscopist. Method: The distances and angles between the limen nasi and the anterior attachments of the middle turbinate and superior turbinate were studied in 100 hemisected adult Indian cadaveric heads. Results: The mean angles between the limen nasi and the anterior attachments of the middle turbinate and superior turbinate respectively are a1 is 65.41° and a2 is 42.48°. The mean distance between the lowermost portion of limen nasi and the anterior attachment of middle turbinate and of superior turbinate are d1 is 34.79 + 3.27 mm and d2 is 45.47 + 4.42 mm. Key words: Endoscopic, Anatomy, Middle, Superior, Turbinate