Abstract
Widespread antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a threat to public and animal health, and has consequences for the structure and sustainability of food production. The problem is often framed as one of inappropriate antimicrobial use, which drives emergence and selection of resistant microbes. The answer to this framing of the problem is to lower disease incidence and transmission rates, regulate antimicrobial uses and to educate prescribers and users of medicines. In this paper we argue that this seemingly straightforward programme of action is beset by at least two difficulties. First, in many parts of the world, disease dynamics and antimicrobial uses are embedded within biosocially demanding settings. Second, antibiotic use is one among many possible drivers of resistance. We focus on the aquatic environment and aquacultural food production where resistance drivers may relate to a variety of processes. Using interviews, survey data, and participatory modelling exercises with competency groups in Bangladesh’s shrimp and prawn aquaculture sector, we demonstrate the need to understand economic and biological drivers of disease, farmer adaptations to disease risks and the potential paradox of pursuing pathogen-free food production as a means to reduce AMR risks. We argue that the AMR problem needs to be framed as an adaptive rather than technical challenge, and involves ownership, change and experimentation across a range of relevant sites.
Highlights
The emergence, persistence and transmission of microbes that are resistant to available medicines constitute a major threat to medical practice and public health
The solution, if we follow this formatting of the problem, is to reduce inappropriate and so-called irrational antimicrobial uses by providing improved information, shifting the incentives that drive people to act in non-ideal ways, regulating medicine use and so changing treatment choices and behaviours
Drawing on our fieldwork, we describe how antimicrobial resistance (AMR) risks, disease and disease treatments relate to social ecologies of food production
Summary
The emergence, persistence and transmission of microbes that are resistant to available medicines constitute a major threat to medical practice and public health. The solution, if we follow this formatting of the problem, is to reduce inappropriate and so-called irrational antimicrobial uses by providing improved information, shifting the incentives that drive people to act in non-ideal ways, regulating medicine use and so changing treatment choices and behaviours. This framing is common across various health care sectors, and is becoming prominent in the morally-charged food and livestock sector, where a majority of the world’s antimicrobials are currently consumed (Van Boeckel et al 2015)
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